Globe Theatre Essay Example for Free

Globe Theatre EssayWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 26, 1564. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the lady friend of an affluent landowning removedmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. Scholars impart surmised that he most in all likelihood attended the tycoons New School, in Stratford, which taught reading, writing and the classics. THEATRICAL CAREER Some of Shakespeares defends were print in quarto editions from 1594. By 1598, his name had become a selling take in aim and began to appear on the title pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his own and other bits afterwards his success as a playwright. EARLY WORKS With the censure of Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeares premiere plays were mostly histories compose in the early 1590s. Richard II, Henry VI (parts 1, 2 and 3) and Henry V dramatize the destructive results of weak or alloy rulers, and render been interpreted by drama historians as Shakespeares way of justifying the origins of the Tudor Dynasty.Shakespeare also wrote several comedies during his early period the witty romance A midsummer Nights Dream, the romantic Merchant of Venice, the wit and wordplay of Much Ado about Nothing, the charming As You Like It and Twelfth Night. Other plays, possibly written so unrivalledr 1600, include Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew and The two Gentlemen of Verona. LATER WORKS It was in William Shakespeares later period, after 1600, that he wrote the tragedies small town, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth. In these, Shakespeares characters present vivid impressions of humankind temperament that are judgment of convictionless and universal.Possibly the best known of these plays is Hamlet, which explores betrayal, retribution, incest and moral failure. These moral failures a good deal drive the twi sts and turns of Shakespeares plats, destroying the hero and those he loves. In William Shakespeares final period, he wrote several tragicomedies. Among these are Cymbeline, The Winters Tale and The Tempest. Though laboriousr in tone than the comedies, they are non the dark tragedies of King Lear or Macbeth because they end with reconciliation and forgiveness.JULIUS CAESARThe catastrophe of Julius Caesar is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1599. It portrays the 44 BC conspiracy against the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, his assassination, and the defeat of the conspirators at the Battle of Philippi. It is one of several plays written by Shakespeare establish on received events from Roman history, which also include Coriolanus and Antony and Cleopatra. THE TEMPEST The Tempest is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 161011, and thought by many critics to be the last play that Shakespeare wrote alone.It is set on a remote island, where Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, plots to time outore his daughter Miranda to her rightful place using illusion and skilful manipulation. He conjures up a storm, the eponymous tempest, to lure his usurping brother Antonio and the complicit King Alonso of Naples to the island. There, his machinations bring about the manifestation of Antonios lowly nature, the redemption of the King, and the marriage of Miranda to Alonsos son, Ferdinand. THE TAMING OF THE SHREW The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592.The play begins with a framing device, often connectred to as the Induction,1 in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunkentinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself. The nobleman then has the play performed for Slys diversion. The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio, a gentleman of Verona, and Katherina, the headstrong, obdurate shrew. Initially, Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship, but Petruchio tempers her with various mental tormentsthe taminguntil she becomes a compliant and manageable bride.The subplot features a competition between the suitors of Katherinas more desirable sister, Bianca. HAMLET The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatizes the revenge. Prince Hamlet exacts on his uncle Claudius for murdering King Hamlet, Claudiuss brother and Prince Hamlets father, and then succeeding to the throne and taking as his wife Gertrude, the ageing kings widow and Prince Hamlets mother.The play vividly portrays both true and feigned madnessfrom overwhelming grief to seething rage and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption. Hamlet is Shakespeares longest play and among the most powerful and influential tragedies in English literature, with a story capable of seemingly endless retelling and a daptation by others. 1 The play was one of Shakespeares most favourite works during his lifetime and still ranks among his most-performed, top the Royal Shakespeare Companys performance listing since 1879.TWELFTH NIGHT Twelfth Night or, What You Will is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 160102 as aTwelfth Nights entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play expanded on the musical interludes and riotous disorder expected of the occasion,1 with plot elements drawn from the short story Of Apollonius and Silla by Barnabe Rich, based on a story by Matteo Bandello. The prototypical recorded performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas, the formal end of Christmastide in the age calendar.The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First leaf. MACBETH Macbeth was written by William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive psych ological and political effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to fulfil the ambition for power. The play is believed to have been written between 1603 and 1607, and is most normally dated 1606. The earliest account of a performance of what was probably Shakespeares play is April 1611, when Simon Forman recorded seeing such a play at the Globe Theatre.It was commencement published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book. It was most likely written during the reign of James I, who had been James VI of Scotland before he succeeded to the English throne in 1603. James was a patron of Shakespeares acting company, and of all the plays Shakespeare wrote during Jamess reign, Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwrights relationship with the sovereign. MERCHANT OF VENICE The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598.Though classified as a comedyin the First Folio and sharing certain aspects with Shakespeares ot her romantic comedies, the play is perhaps most remembered for its dramatic scenes, and is best known for Shylock and the famous Hath not a Jew eyeball? speech. Also notable is Portias speech about the quality of mercy. The title character is the merchant Antonio, not the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who is the plays most prominent and most famous character. THE COMEDY OF ERRORS The Comedy of Errors is one of William Shakespeares early plays.It is his shortest and one of his most farcical comedies, with a major part of the humour coming from slapstick and mistaken identity, in addition to puns and word play. The Comedy of Errors (along with The Tempest) is one of only two of Shakespeares plays to observe the classical unities. It has been adapted for opera, stage, screen and musical theatre. The Comedy of Errors tells the story of two sets of kindred twins that were accidentally separated at birth. Antipholus of Syracuse and his servant, Dromio of Syracuse, arrive in Ephesus, whi ch turns out to be the home of their twinbrothers, Antipholus of Ephesus and his servant, Dromio of Ephesus. When the Syracusans encounter the friends and families of their twins, a series of trigger-happy mishaps based on mistaken identitieslead to wrongful beatings, a near-seduction, the arrest of Antipholus of Ephesus, and false accusations of infidelity, theft, madness, and demonic possession. POEMS In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare published two narrative poems on sexy themes, Venus and genus Adonis and The frustrate of Lucrece. He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton.In Venus and Adonis, an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus while in The Rape of Lucrece, the virtuous wife Lucrece is raped by the lustful Tarquin. Influenced by Ovids Metamorphoses, the poems limn the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust. 124 two arised popular and were often reprinted during Shakespea res lifetime. A third narrative poem, A Lovers Complaint, in which a young muliebrity laments her seduction by a persuasive suitor, was printed in the first edition of the Sonnets in 1609.Most scholars now accept that Shakespeare wrote A Lovers Complaint. Critics consider that its fine qualities are marred by leaden effects. The Phoenix and the Turtle, printed in Robert Chesters 1601 Loves Martyr, mourns the deaths of the known phoenix and his lover, the trustingnessful turtle dove. SONNETS Published in 1609, the Sonnets were the last of Shakespeares non-dramatic works to be printed. Scholars are not certain when each of the 154 sonnets was composed, but evidence suggests that Shakespeare wrote sonnets end-to-end his career for a private readership.Even before the two un important sonnets appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim in 1599, Francis Meres had referred in 1598 to Shakespeares sugred Sonnets among his private friends. Few analysts believe that the published collection follo ws Shakespeares intended sequence. He seems to have planned two contrasting series one about uncontrollable lust for a married woman of dark complexion (the dark lady), and one about conflicted love for a fair young man (the fair youth).It remains unclear if these figures represent very individuals, or if the authorial I who addresses them represents Shakespeare himself, though Wordsworth believed that with the sonnets Shakespeare unlocked his heart. The 1609 edition was dedicated to a Mr. W. H. , credited as the only begetter of the poems. It is not known whether this was written by Shakespeare himself or by the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, whose initials appear at the foot of the dedication page nor is it known who Mr. W. H. was, despite numerous theories, or whether Shakespeare even authorised the publication.Critics praise the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual passion, procreation, death, and time. ESTABLISHING HIMSELF By 1597, 15 of the 37 plays writt en by William Shakespeare were published. Civil records show that at this time he purchased the sulfur astronomicalst house in Stratford, called New House, for his family. It was a four-day ride by horse from Stratford to London, so it is believed that Shakespeare spent most of his time in the city writing and acting and came home once a year during the 40-day Lenten period, when the theatres were closed.By 1599, William Shakespeare and his business partners built their own theater on the south bank of the Thames River, which they called the Globe. In 1605, Shakespeare purchased leases of real estate near Stratford for 440 pounds, which doubled in value and earned him 60 pounds a year. THE MERMAID TAVERN GROUP close to this time Shakespeare became one of the group of now-famous writers who gathered at the Mermaid Tavern located on Bread Street in Cheapside. The Friday Street Club (also called the Mermaid Clu was formed by Sir Walter Raleigh. Ben Jonson was its leading spirit. Sha kespeare was a popular member.He was admired for his talent and loved for his kindliness. Thomas Fuller, writing about 50 years later, gave an amusing account of the colloquial duels between Shakespeare and Jonson Many were the wit-combats betwixt him and Ben Jonson which two I behold like a Spanish great galleon and an English man-of-war Master Jonson (like the former) was built far higher in learning solid, but slow, in his performances. Shakespeare, with the English man-of-war, lesser in bulk, but lighter in sailing, could turn with all tides, tack about, and take advantage of all winds, by the quickness of his wit and invention. Jonson sometimes criticized Shakespeare harshly. Nevertheless he later wrote a eulogy of Shakespeare that is remarkable for its feeling and acuteness. In it he said Leave thee alone, for the comparison Of all that insolent Greece or haughty Rome Sent forth, or since did from their ashes come. Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of atomic number 63 homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time Sweet Swan of Avon what a sight it were To see thee in our waters yet appear, And micturate those flights upon the banks of Thames, That so did take Eliza, and our JamesWRITING STYLE William Shakespeares early plays were written in the conventional style of the day, with elaborate metaphors and rhetorical phrases that didnt always align course with the storys plot or characters. However, Shakespeare was very innovative, adapting the traditional style to his own purposes and creating a freer flow of words. With only small degrees of variation, Shakespeare primarily used a metrical manikin consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, or blank verse, to compose his plays.At the same time, there are passages in all the plays that deviate from this and use forms of poetry or simple prose. Shakespeare combined poetic genius with a practical sense of the theatre. Like all playwrights of the time, he dramatised stories from sources such as Plutarch and Holinshed. He reshaped each plot to create several centres of interest and to show as many sides of a narrative to the audience as possible. This strength of design ensures that a Shakespeare play elicit survive translation, cutting and wide interpretation without loss to its core drama.As Shakespeares mastery grew, he gave his characters clearer and more varied motivations and distinctive patterns of speech. MARRIAGE AND career IN LONDON In 1582, when he was 18, he married Anne Hathaway. She was from Shottery, a village a mile (1. 6 kilometers) from Stratford. Anne was seven or eight years older than Shakespeare. From this difference in their ages, a story arose that they were unhappy together. Their first daughter, Susanna, was born in 1583. In 1585 a twin boy and girl, Hamnet and Judith, were born. What Shakespeare did between 1583 and 1592 is not known.Various stories are told. He may have taught school, worked in a lawyers office, ser ved on a rich mans estate, or traveled with a company of actors. bingle famous story says that about 1584 he and some friends were caught poaching on the estate of Sir Thomas Lucy of Carlecote, near Warwick, and were forced to leave town. A less likely story is that he was in London in 1588. There he was supposed to have held horses for theater patrons and later to have worked in the theaters as a page. By 1592, however, Shakespeare was definitely in London and was already recognized as an actor and playwright.He was then 28 years old. In that year Robert Greene, a playwright, accused him of borrowing from the plays of others. Between 1592 and 1594, plague kept the London theaters closed most of the time. During these years Shakespeare wrote his earliest sonnets and two long narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. Both were printed by Richard Field, a boyhood friend from Stratford. They were well received and helped establish him as a poet. RELIGION Some scholars claim that members of Shakespeares family were Catholics, at a time when Catholic practice was against the law.Shakespeares mother, Mary Arden, certainly came from a pious Catholic family. The strongest evidence might be a Catholic statement of faith signed by John Shakespeare, found in 1757 in the rafters of his former house in Henley Street. The document is now lost, however, and scholars differ as to its authenticity. In 1591 the political science reported that John Shakespeare had missed church for fear of process for debt, a common Catholic excuse. In 1606 the name of Williams daughter Susanna appears on a list of those who failed to attend Easter communion in Stratford.Scholars find evidence both for and against Shakespeares Catholicism in his plays, but the truth may be impossible to prove either way. SHAKESPEARE PROSPERS Until 1598 Shakespeares theater work was confined to a district northeast of London. This was outside the city walls, in the parish of Shoreditch. Located there were two playhouses, the Theatre and the Curtain. Both were managed by James Burbage, whose son Richard Burbage was Shakespeares friend and the greatest tragic actor of his day. Up to 1596 Shakespeare lived near these theaters in Bishopsgate, where the North Road entered the city.Sometime between 1596 and 1599, he moved across the Thames River to a district called Bankside. There, two theaters, the Rose and the Swan, had been built by Philip Henslowe. He was James Burbages chief competitor in London as a theater manager. The Burbages also moved to this district in 1598 and built the famous Globe Theatre. Its sign showed Atlas supporting the world. Shakespeare was associated with the Globe Theatre for the rest of his active life. He owned shares in it, which brought him much money. Meanwhile, in 1597, Shakespeare had bought New Place, the largest house in Stratford.During the next three years he bought other attribute in Stratford and in London. The year before, his father, pro bably at Shakespeares suggestion, applied for and was granted a coat of arms. It bore the motto Non sanz droictNot without right. From this time on, Shakespeare could write Gentleman after his name. This meant much to him, for in his day actors were classed legally with criminals and vagrants. Shakespeares name first appeared on the title pages of his printed plays in 1598. In the same year Francis Meres, in Palladis Tamia Wits Treasury, praised him as a poet and dramatist.Meress comments on 12 of Shakespeares plays showed that Shakespeares genius was recognized in his own time. HONORED AS ACTOR AND PLAYWRIGHT Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603. King James I followed her to the throne. Shakespeares theatrical company was taken under the kings patronage and called the Kings Company. Shakespeare and the other actors were made officers of the royal household. The theatrical company was the most successful of its time. forrader it was the Kings Company, it had been known as the Earl of Der bys and the Lord Chamberlains.In 1608 the company acquired the Blackfriars Theatre. This was a smaller and more aristocratic theater than the Globe. Thereafter the company alternated between the two playhouses. Plays by Shakespeare were also performed at the royal court and in the castles of the nobles. After 1603 Shakespeare probably acted little, although he was still a good actor. His favorite roles seem to have been old Adam in As You Like It and the Ghost in Hamlet. In 1607, when he was 43, he may have suffered a serious physical breakdown.In the same year his older daughter Susanna married John Hall, a doctor. The next year Shakespeares first grandchild, Elizabeth, was born. Also in 1607 his brother Edmund, also a London actor, died at the age of 27. GLOBE THEATRE The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeares vie company, the Lord Chamberlains Men, on land owned by Thomas Brend and inherited by his son, Nic holas Brend and grandson Sir Matthew Brend, and was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613.A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614 and closed in 1642. A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named Shakespeares Globe, opened in 1997 round 750 feet (230 m) from the site of the original theatre. The Globe was owned by actors who were also shareholders in Lord Chamberlains Men. Two of the six Globe shareholders, Richard Burbage and his brother Cuthbert Burbage, owned double shares of the whole, or 25% each the other four men, Shakespeare, John Heminges, Augustine Phillips, andThomas Pope, owned a single share FAMOUS QUOTESAll the worlds a stage, and all the men and women plainly players they have their exits and their entrances and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages. Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player, that struts and frets his hour upon the stag e, and then is heard no more it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Listen to many, speak to a few. CRITICAL REPUTATION Shakespeare was not revered in his lifetime, but he received a large amount of praise.In 1598, the cleric and author Francis Meres singled him out from a group of English writers as the most excellent in both comedy and tragedy. And the authors of the Parnassus plays at St Johns College, Cambridge, numbered him with Chaucer, Gower and Spenser. In the First Folio, Ben Jonson called Shakespeare the Soul of the age, the applause, delight, the wonder of our stage, though he had remarked elsewhere that Shakespeare wanted art. FIRST FOLIO Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, Tragedies is the 1623 published collection of William Shakespeares plays.Modern scholars commonly refer to it as the First Folio. Printed in folio format and containing 36 plays (see list of Shakespeares plays), it was prepared by Shakespeares colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell. It was dedicated to the incomparable pair of brethren William Herbert, tertiary Earl of Pembroke and his brother Philip Herbert, Earl of Montgomery (later 4th Earl of Pembroke). Although eighteen of Shakespeares plays had been published in quarto prior to 1623, the First Folio is the only reliable text for about cardinal of the plays, and a valuable source text even for many of those previously published.The Folio includes all of the plays generally accepted to be Shakespeares, with the exception of Pericles, Prince of Tyre and The Two Noble Kinsmen, and the two lost plays, Cardenio and Loves Labours Won. W. W. Greg has argued that Edward Knight, the book-keeper or book-holder (prompter) of the Kings Men, did the actual proofreading of the manuscript sources for the First Folio. Knight is known to have been responsible for maintaining and annotating the companys scripts, and making sure that the cuts and changes logical by the Master of the Revel s were complied with.DEATH Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeares death. In his will, Shakespeare left the bulk of his large estate to his elder daughter Susanna. The terms instructed that she pass it down intact to the first son of her body. Shakespeares will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one third of his estate automatically.He did make a point, however, of leaving her my second best bed, a bequest that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and accordingly rich in significance. Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone slab covering his grave includes a curse against m oving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration of the church in 2008.

Handling Multicultural Environment Essay Example for Free

Handling Multicultural Environment EssayAny single culture is multidimensional, and in this fourth dimension of globalization, people belonging to various cultures are sharing common workplace where they are bound to interact with one an opposite. This situation certainly calls for a unadulterated training on cultural competency for all members of every multicultural organization, and especially for the managers who have the job to unify all employees aims and aspirations with the goals of their company. Such a occupation is easier said than done as there is plethora of instances where cultural difference has shattered the dreams of the company. However, there is no dearth of opposite instances too, where successful implementation of multicultural philosophy has brought in sustainable competitive advantage for the companies. In either way, this state of affairs substantiates the importance of seriously considering organization as culture and clearing sound steps to achieve t he status of a true-blue multicultural organization. With this point of view, this paper explores how the organizations can impart quality training to their managers, besides evaluating the efficacy of the open theories/ideas on this issue, before reaching its own conclusion.Multicultural Environment Any workplace comprising of employees from more than one culture can be called a multicultural organization. Here the word culture contains several returnation, though in general, it speak about a package of perception, belief and acquired appearanceal process, containing elements want learned and shared out values, beliefs and behaviors to a particular group of people (Yamashita, 2004). On the other hand, multiculturalism is a Doctrine asserting value of different cultures coexisting within single alliance globally, vision of cultural diversity deliberately fostered and protected (Globalization, 2000).In plain words, it is a concept of aligning various cultures to serve a common purpose. leafy vegetable Problems in Multicultural Environment Problems occur when cultural difference and consequently, difference in perception about a particular issue/act/ use/or policy stands between the individuals or groups. Such situations can occur anytime at any multicultural set up, which can begin with little differences like meaning of a word, eating habits, or religious practice, whatever, and that can fuel a bigger set of difference, if not timely diffused.For example, the word, monkey contains hint of racialism in some parts of the earthly concern, while it is only a simple definition of primate in the other. Now if someone from that special part of the world is called a monkey, s/he might react furiously, no matter how innocent the caller is. Understandably, such channel noises , are the outcome of ones ignorance about others culture. limited Problems in Multicultural Environment This takes place when cultural difference puts spanner in the process of work.This t oo, can emerge out of various situations like managers or employees biases about their culture, or from ignorance about what means what. It is not uncommon for a manager to find difficulty in catering a multicultural consultation at one go, if some of the members do not understand managers spoken language, or their idioms sound idiotic to their ears. This again points towards the importance of grooming to the tune of multicultural philosophy. Theories for Help No matter how much humans developed their science and technology, they are yet to discover a device that would be able to interpret ones thought for another.It is for this reason, the age-old art and science of effective communication still works wonders for every sphere of life and it is in fact the oxygen of any multicultural organization. Thus it would be pertinent to mention about two such theories out of many, to explain how theories can save the day for the managers of multicultural organizations. What these theories do is, they form the foundation of understanding among humans, which is the prime condition to rise above any cultural biases and to accept the fact that humans are all bear upon at their basements.ERG Theory This is an improvised version of Abraham Maslows (1908-1970) famous work of Hierarchy of Needs (Maslows, 2008), created by Clayton Alderfer after prolonged research, which adds more flexibility in determine the needs of an individual, which it does by reorienting the elements from Maslows model into three segments like Existence (E) It involves physiological and safety needs. Relatedness (R) It contains social and external esteem needs. Growth (G) Self-actualization and internal esteem needs. (ERG, 2007).Claytons model allows to set the order of needs according to the existing need structure of an employee, besides providing the scope to pursue different needs simultaneously. Accordingly, company can propel any individual on any of the E, R or G needs while looking after a n individuals E need (say, where an employee needs a safety measure), the company can look after the same individuals R needs (like awarding her for her achievement) and G needs (inducting the individual in the think store of the department).Expectancy Value Theory Founded by Martin Fishbein in the 1970-s, suggesting that people mould themselves to the world in accordance with their expectations/beliefs and evaluations (Expectancy, 2004). This serves as a pointer to the fact that behavior or behavioral intentions or attitudes evolve out of expectancy and evaluation, where the expectancy is an idea about a situation or object and evaluation is ones love about the impact of that idea/situation/object on any plane.Theories Groom VisionIf the entire team of a workplace can adopt a vision in the light of the Expectancy Value Theory, where they would expect that they are devoted to the collective goal. Once armed with this vision, the following areas of communication would unquestionab ly take a new turn as the outcome of reorientation of ones approach to the world Intrapersonal communication The vision would make the employee think like Im wedded to an important organ of the society and thus I have more responsibility to meet its expectations.Communication with clients The vision will make the employees more enduring and taking interest in communicating with clients belonging to another culture. Team Communication There would be less conflict of ego or other minor areas of personal interests, as the greater cause will influence all members to align their approach towards the perceived goal (achieving high standards of service).

Differences Between Terrorism And Organized Crime Criminology Essay

Differences Between Terrorism And Organized Crime Criminology EssayIn this assignment, we will be analysing both(prenominal)(prenominal) security issues of terrorism and unionized offense as case and international security threats. Terrorism and set up crime, both two take issueent forms of illegal practise and an equal threat to human security. It is important that establish the precise explanation of both these activities, so we sight categorically differentiate all(prenominal) act committed.The definition of organized crime is widely debated terminus. Organized crime is generally focused mainly on economic profit, acquiring material benefits and obtaining as much of an smugg take market sh atomic number 18 as possible, by the use of serious crimes such as Drug trafficking, fraud, violence etc. (Baylis J and Smith S (2001) p480-481)Whilst terrorism motivated chiefly by ideological aims and by a desire for semipolitical change, by the use of violence, in the form of hija cking, bombing and separate indistrimintory acts. We outhouse already see the difference, by looking at the definition. However as we do develop details of the differences amidst these criminal activities, it is also important to dissect the similarities.(Collins, A (2007) p352-353)Both Organized crime and Terrorism differ in motivation and objective. In Shelley, L and Picarelli, JT (2002), areas Yet, while the crimes committed by these two groups dont differ in substance, they differ in motive.Terrorists are in essentially political groups steady if they are inspired by religious implicit in(p)ism, their behaviour is designed to tote up about political change.While organized crime groups conduct profit-driven criminal activities, through the use illicit and illegal promoter.An some other interesting point, in which they both differ, mentioned by Schmid, A (2005) is Terrorist groups usually seek media attention organized crime groups do not, Criminal organisation, do not di rectly attack infastrurer or indiscriminately attack normal citizens, like terrorism does, until now there doings bring harm to those involved and occasion fear amongst people surrounded by there illegal activities. Therefore the magnitude of attack will be confined to small, domestic and under the radar attacks, whilst with terrorism when it blows ups, it is instant and devastating in its impact.Williams, P(2005)I believe that a criminal is not concerned with influencing or affecting public opinion he simply wants to earn money in the quickest, easiest and most efficient way possible. Whilst, the essential aim of the terrorists violence is eventually to change the political system , about which the organised criminals, couldnt care less.However in some cases this is not true, Shelley, L and Picarelli, JT(2002) go on to discuss about organised criminals that direct contact with the political system and politicians who they seek to influence for their experience goals. Phil Willi ams and Ernesto Savona (1995) gives us a excellent example that Colombian drug cartels and the Italian Mafia were both using terrorist attacks against the state and its representatives for four different reasons, disrupt investigations to reject the introduction or continuation of vigorous government policies to eliminate effective law enforcement officials, to coerce judges into more lenient sentencing policies. I believe blood lineamental is to create an environment more appealing to criminal activity.But this only enkindle occur in weak countries, where the government is weak, which we will discuss later in the essay.Bjrnehed, E(2004) concludes that based on their objectives they Constitute quite different types of security threats with regard to magnitude of attack, choice of target and weapons.In summary they both down a common enemy, and that is the state in general and in particular its law enforcement agencies. Both types of criminals function in secrecy, in the under c reative activity, and they use the same or similar themes for their activities and the same networks of corruption. Both use the same type of tactics they engage in cross-border smuggling, money laundering, counterfeiting, kidnapping, extortion and various kinds of violence.Narco-Terrorism, was the first identification of the link between Terrorism and organized crime. This discovery began in the 1980s when it was found that drug trafficking was also used to advance the political objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations, the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of government by the systematic threat or use of violenceBjrnehed, E(2004)Since then, much stronger and broader statements have been made, especially in Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) wherein the Council Notes with concern the close connection between international terrorism and international organized crime, illicit drugs, money-laundering, illegal arms-trafficking, and illegal movement of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially deadly materials.Bjrnehed, E(2004)Emma Bjornehead has written a all in all chapter on this topic because it is a relatively new phenomena and I believe it is relevant to this composition because it shows that Terrorism and Criminal activity have found a common ground.Various authors keep referring to more or less the same examples, where this new phenomena is occurring. For example Hezbollah engaged in criminal schemes, such as cigarette smuggling, counterfeiting. Al-Qaeda cells in Europe conducting credit card fraud. We see it domestically happening in countries such as Colombia and Afghanistan where opium produces are funding Taliban, to take aim out there state of war against US forces.Williams, P(2005) describes terrorist, using criminal organisation methods to raise funds for their activities as very dangerous. This reliance between each other makes it difficult and a bigger domestic and international se curity threat because they jakes share their tangible and intangible resources, to achieve their objectives.Giraldo, J and Trinkunas (2005) puts simple. They try to discover whether it is a strategic alliance formed by these group, or is it simple marriages of convenience.For example, the language school that provided some visas for the 9/11 hijackers are also describe to have provided visas for prostitutes of a human trafficking ring.This indicates sharing networks, each could complement each other therefore making it easier to carry out objectives.An intelligence analyst even describes it as criminal service providers. This means that both in criminal organisations, callable to their established networks, act as service provider for terrorists, so they can carry out their terror activities.Another good point made is that this increased self-reliance of terrorist networks makes criminal organisations difficult to detect, especially as they are both bound by secrecy.The Madrid b ombing are a great example,Future-occurred in Spain where members of a small but well-establishedMoroccan drug trafficking organization led by Jamal Ahmidan, became radicalized andwere subsequently integrated into the cell that carried out the Madrid bombings. The contribution of the radicalized drug traffickers is difficult to overestimate they provided the finance, the logistics, the safe houses, and the connections that enabled the cell to acquire the explosives. Indeed, without their resources and expertise, it is unlikely that the attacks on the trains would have taken place, and certainly not on such a destructive scale.Williams, p(2009)This example so shows that both organisations are sharing its man fountain and those criminals are venerable to being radicalized, like shown above. It can also be seen as method of attracting people with two personality types one with strong political views, coupled with a desire to become wealthy.In summary that they cross paths give in to o ne another which make them reliant on each other. Organized crime can use the power tool of political crime to create the social and economic context that makes its profitable activities viable. Terrorists, on the other hand, need funding to push their own agendas..Due to the coordination between the two, an integrated counter-terrorism and organised crime should be implemented, to dissolve the creation of a strengthen connection. law of nature enforcement agencies have to approach this in a different angle because the traditional separate policing of organised crime and terrorism, do not apply. After 9/11, locomote have been taken to increased cooperation between law enforcement and intelligence agencies that police domestic and international matters. I can see the huge benefits that increasing the cooperation can bring.The sharing of information on both sources of threats enables governments to penetrate these secret groups and prevent crimes from being perpetrated. Also breaking down one criminal organisation, can hap to discovering other terrorist organisations at the same time, therefore increasing their leads.However according to Bjornehead, E(2010) states that at times war on organised crime, in particular drugs, can sometimes undermine the war on terror. She one of many examples, that of Taliban and how a reduction is poppy field in Europe, increased the price of opium, which Taliban made huge gains, which is helped fund their terror organisations.Questions need to be raised on which one is a bigger domestic threat, politicians may believe terrorism is a threat as they want direct change in governance and how that government acts, for example USA I believe has a stronger stance and policy on terrorism, kinda than organised crimes. Whilst organised crimes havent got a direct objective against the political system, it might be the case that for individuals in society that due to its hidden, secretive nature that criminal organizations themselves, pose a threat to society that goes far beyond the harm posed by the profit-driven crimes they commit.Collins, A (2007)We can also see this in a poll in an 11 countries that was conducted showing that what people feared, and the highest was Criminal activities with 27%, whilst terrorism was third with 15%.Human security centre (2005)There a continuous argument in US about what poses a bigger threat US security. Recent Barack Obama states that The single biggest threat to US security, both short-term, medium-term and long-term, would be the possibility of a terrorist organisation obtaining a nuclear weapon. However In a many recently, Antonio Maria Costa, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), recent stated that Drug-related crime biggest threat to public safety in the Americas. This is also backed up by Retiring CIA chief Michael Hayden Mexico could lay out alongside Iran as a challenge for Obama perhaps a greater problem than Iraq.UN news centre(200 8)I believe this could be due to drug cartels domince in Mexico, and due it the geography and globalisation it has been spilled in the street of US.Williams, P, (2008)Another difference is Terrorism is a bigger point of discussion in the wider world due to the fact that they seek media attention and not shy to hide its terror activities,Whilst Organized crime is very secretive and behind closed doors. Hence why it is people may perceive it to be a bigger threat.After the post cold war era, there was a huge shift from in national security threats, from communism, to terrorism and organised crime. What the fall of communism did, was not only did it leave eastern countries, lawless and poor, it left it venerable to radical ideologies and organised crime, including what we call globalization.I also believe that ideological terrorism has severely since the cold war, and a new breed of ethnic and religious inspired terrorism.Collins, A (2007) p356I a published paper by Stephens, M (1996) on globalized crime, and describes why organised crime was on the rise after the Cold war era and in summary Post-Cold War opportunities such as the lowering of economic and political barriers the end of communist regimes and the founding of fragile new democracies.Stephens, M(1996)A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division,Library of Congress(2003) discusses areas on the world that are venerable to organised crime and terrorism, and states that in reference the In the creator Soviet states, progress toward the rule of law has been hindered by the sudden disappearance of national authority (the Soviet state) in areas having no individual tradition of state authority or civil society but having very well developed traditions of underground criminal activity.Federal Research Division(2003)Both types of organizations lean to employ the majority of their members from the same pool of an insignificant sector of the population, which are subject to social, cultural or political frustration.This is backed up by Rosenau(1990), Galleotti (2001), Cusimano-Love (2003),and Castells (2000) who have compared transnational crime and terrorism as malicious non-state actors that take advantage of failures in the state-centric global system, such as the limitations of sovereignty, legal jurisdictional boundaries and the opportunities that failed or weak states create for safe havens.As much as globalization ha s been beneficial for many nation states, it has also been disastrous in reference to unionized crime and terrorism, which Williams, p(2002) describes as a motivator and facilitator., opening a way for transnational activity. In this era of accelerated global interaction, transnational organized crime and international terrorism are flourishing.In Baylis, J and smith, s(2005), James D kiras writes has a whole chapter dedicated towards to Terrorism and globalisation, he writes the technology and processes linked with globalization have enabled terrorism to grow from regional phenomenon, into a global one.He also means that the use of Globalization has also lead to changes in the means of conducting terrorism and organised crime. For example in Freedman (2002) Prior to 11 September 2001 most acts of terrorism had depended on the conventional explosives. And then compares it to current web site where the ability to mount simultaneous attacks, commitment and choice targets, using aircraft as guided missiles. I believe that globalisation has a part to play in this change because it has opened up the world. The borders have faded or are no longer as well guarded, the market is globalized, financial and commercial mergers and the deregulating of state intervention provide new opportunities, and communication technology is presenting unexpected innovative technological possibilities.I also believe globalization has spread national crime to international organised crime because large-scale migration across the globe has created new emigrant re fugee communities that can serve as recruitment bases and as hiding places, especially as they live a poor lifestyle, they have no alternatives, apart from turning to crime.Organised crime actors share the same objective as legal corporations in a sense that In a increasingly global marketplace, illicit actors, like licit counterparts, take advantage of business opportunities wherever they occur. For organised crime, going across borders, increases their wealth and profit just as it does for legal businesses, as they have new customers and can take advantage of infrastructure to cover their illegal activities.An example used in Collins, A (2007) was after the creation of North American free trade area, trade grew in the billions, and however it was this area, thrived in reference to aid smuggling of illegal goods and drugs.There have been political and economic developments have brought terrorism and organized crime together. There are also clear structural similarities that would appear to make alliance beneficial for both of them and I believe that it is case of marriage of convenience, rather than long term strategic alliance.Collins, A (2007p 361)It is becoming a huge aspect of security, that both organised crime and terrorism are flourishing over one another, and in particular terrorist groups are rely on crime to fund their operation, and criminal expertise is become available to terrorist groups. I believe that in this day of age, where the world become evermore globalized, any security threat that is national, ends up spilling over the borders, and becoming a international problem.Schmid, A(2005) Links between Terrorism and Drug Trafficking A Case of Narco-terrorism?Galleotti, M. (2001) Underworld and Upperworld multinational Organized Crime and Global Society, In Josselin, D. and Wallace W. (Eds.). Non-State Actors in World Politics, Palgrave New York, pp. 203-17.Ciment, JD and Shanty FG(2008) Organized Crime From Trafficking to Terrorism, Volume 1, ABC-Clio, CalifoniaBerry, V. et al(2003) Nations genial to organized crime and terrorismonline Available from http//www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Nats_Hospitable.pdf Accessed May 2010.Shelley, L and Picarelli (2001) Methods Not motives Implications of the convergence of international organized crime and terrorism online Available from http//www.law.syr.edu/Pdfs/0methods_motives.pdf.Accessed May 2010Stephens, Mora(1996) Global organized crime as the threat to national security online Available from http//www.fas.org/irp/eprint/snyder/globalcrime.htm. .Accessed May 2010Williams, P(2009) Strategy for a New World Combating Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime. In Balyis, J(eds.) Chapter 9Bibes, P(2001) Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism.Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 17, Sage PublicationsBjrnehed, Emma(2004) Narco-Terrorism The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror, Global Crime, 6 3, 305 324, Routledge, capital of the United KingdomKiras, JD (2001) Terrorism and Globalization. In Baylis, J and Smith, S(eds.) The Globalization of work politics An introduction to IR, Chapter 21, Oxford, Oxford university press.Lutz, B and Lutz, J(2007) Terrorism. In Collins, A (eds.) Contemporary security studies, 2nd edtion, chapter 20, Oxford, Oxford University press.Lutz, B and Lutz, J(2007) Transnational crime. In Collins, A (eds.) Contemporary security studies, 2nd edtion, chapter 25, Oxford, Oxford University press.

Biological Causes Of Bipolar Disorder Psychology Essay

Biological Causes Of Bipolar Disorder Psychology EssayBipolar complaint is likely one of the most intemperate diagnoses to receive in terms of living a normal life. As a psychological oerturn, or much specializedally, a mood disorder, its typical succession of blast is in the early twenties, and its prevalence is between one and two portion worldwide. The disorder is characterized by an alternation between mania and depression, as well as poor impulse mark, attention deficits, and balks of verbal memory. Intensity of the manic state in a bipolar patient determines whether they argon diagnosed with bipolar I or bipolar II. Those with classic, full-fledged mania baffle bipolar I, where as those with a slight extensive version involving anxiety or irritability, almosttimes referred to as hypomania, ache bipolar II (Kalat, 2013). Causes of the illness are not always clear, but one or a combination of genes such as neurochemical factors, environmental factors, and factorti c science usually short-change a part in the ontogeny of bipolar disorder (Bressert, 2007).Genetics are an essential factor, as bipolar disorder is a very biologically based illness. Certain agents have been shown to increase the risk of develop bipolar II disorder, and overly some genes associated with a predisposition to major depression predispose to bipolar disorder. However, no definitive relationships exist between these genes and bipolar disorder (Kalat, 2013). Various statistics have been obtained through research as cold as chances of developing bipolar disorder based on its prevalence within a family. For example, the risk of the illness is between fifteen and twenty-five percent for those with a parent who has bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the risk for someone whose non-identical twin has the condition is twenty-five percent, which increases eightfold if they are identical twins (Bressert, 2007).Biological Causes OverviewHere is an overview of many an(prenominal) different factors that are biological in nature and have implications in bipolar disorder, some of which will be explored in further detail later. As a primarily biological illness, the improper functioning of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and likely many others has been identified as a cause (Bressert, 2007). Another elicit biological factor includes the brains increase use of glucose throughout a manic episode and its decreased use of glucose during depressive episodes (Kalat, 2013). Studies analyzing the reelin gene which helps in brain function and development have found that there is a link between the dysfunction of the reelin gene and psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenia, and more importantly for this paper, bipolar disorder (Ovadia, 2011).On a side note, there have also been studies which have found a gene that whitethorn provide some sort of protection against bipolar disorder. It is called GRIK4, and as a kainate-type ionotropic glutam ate receptor is part of the glutamate neurotransmission process (Pickard, 2006). Another interesting indicator of bipolar disorder was found using sensory gating, and involves the P85 gating ratio (Patterson, 2009).Relating to the circadian rhythm aspect of the disorder and how disruption of this collect to the disorder dirty dog be a cause of the manic and depressive states in bipolar patients, there have been some studies. The results of one learning found an association between the NR1D1 and GSK3 variants and differences in functioning of the expression of genes related to the circadian clock system (McCarthy, 2011). An association specific to rapid cycle bipolar disorder involves the gene variation of CRY2, a clock gene (Sjholm, 2010). A biological marker related to gluten sensitivity has been discovered which showed that those with bipolar disorder have increased levels of IgG antibodies to gliadin (Dickerson, 2011). Finally, a recent study looked into gene expression inly mphoblastoid cells, which could be a possible biological marker of bipolar disorder (Kato, 2011). Overall, it seems that there are still many questions as faraway as biological causes of the disorder, though progress towards the specifics of those markers is definitely universe made.Circadian Rhythm FactorsThe bodys natural circadian rhythm is affected in those with bipolar disorder. This has been discovered by McCarthy et al. (2011) through research into the effects of a genuine intervention, atomic number 3. It has been shown that lithium affects the function of circadian rhythm with the remnant of treating the disorder. Further research conveys issues with functioning of the circadian rhythm that lithium seems to treat. According to one study, positive lithium response is predicted by the combination of variants within GSK3 and NR1D1. This shows that in bipolar patients, lithium affects circadian clock genes, specifically NR1D1 and GSK3, in an attempt to alter circadian rhyth ms. Also, a transcription of NR1D1, called Rev-Erb, functions as a clock signaling molecule which is important as it is degraded by lithiums inhibition of GSK3. Lithium also can increase the natural circadian rhythm and regulate the stability and turnover of proteins within the clock mechanism (McCarthy, 2011). Therefore, it is fairly clear that lithium affects the circadian rhythm of bipolar patients. This is interesting from a biological standpoint so that further research can be done into which clock genes dont function properly due to the disorder, or if their dysfunction is what causes the disorder.As Sjholm et al. (2010) found, rapid cycling in bipolar disorder relates to a specific circadian gene, called Chryptochrome 2 (CRY2), which is a main part of the passage responsible for the bodys roughly twenty-four hour cycle. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for associations to bipolar I and II and bipolar with rapid cycling led to synopsis of haplotypes only f or the rapid cycling cases. Rapid cycling patients were focused on since their circadian rhythms were hypothesized to be more vulnerable. Haplotypes of CRY2 that indicated risk and protection were discovered in the study of bipolar patients. AAAC and AGGA were haplotypes found frequently in the rapid cycling bipolar patients, and GGAC was a haplotype found much less frequently in rapid cycling patients. This provided evidence for the conclusions that CRY2 is involved in bipolar disorder, and more specifically, which haplotypes lead to protection from or risk of the disorder (Sjholm, 2010).Assessment of more clock genes was completed by Yang et al. (2009), in which rhythmic expression patterns were examined and some interesting results were reached. Fibroblasts of bipolar patients and healthy guarantees were analyzed during the study. The amount of expression for half of the genes cosmos studied, BMAL1, REVERBa and DBP, was less in the bipolar patients than the controls, in additio n to the mRNA expression levels in two of the genes, DEC2 and DBP. Next, four kinases were examined for mRNA expression levels, and two of the four, GSK3a and GSK3b, were examined for phosphorylation and protein levels. Results were that in GSK3b, the level of phosphorylation was much less in bipolar patients than in the controls. Overall, while nothing is made absolutely clear by this study, there is substantial evidence that circadian genes in bipolar patients are expressed differently than those in mentally healthy individuals. This difference may contribute to dysregulation of other genes down the pathway, which in turn might explain some of the issues that bipolar patients have, relating to their circadian clock (Yang, 2009).Therefore, circadian rhythms are a main component in bipolar disorder, and the more that becomes understood, the better that aspect of the illness can be treated in the future. For now, it seems to be mainstream knowledge that maintaining a constant sleep s chedule can help these symptoms of the disorder, but soon there may be better options for those that suffer with this frustrating disorder (Kalat, 2013).Neurological FactorsFunctional flaws in the neurological systems of bipolar disorder patients are implied in the emotional impairment of those with the illness, according to Phillips et al. (2008). Since regulating emotions is a vital part of being able to function in modern society, bipolar patients are posed with a in particular difficult dysregulation. Neuroscience examining youth development of emotion regulation in their neural systems is key, as advances made in this area could help target predisposed individuals and throw in to possibly prevent the development of bipolar disorder. Structural and functional abnormalities in those with the disorder may be valuable biomarkers with the potential of earlier detection and more successful treatment. This would be a very relevant and applicable result for bipolar disorder specifica lly, since it is often discovered once it is too late for a successful treatment plan, or misdiagnosed altogether (Phillips, 2008).Areas of the anterior cortex that are involved in control processes such as regulation of emotions, and decision do are stated by Phillips et al. (2008) and include the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (MdPFC), anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (Phillips, 2008). Networks involving the orbitofrontal cortex and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex allow for coordination of sensory integration and visceral control of prominent emotional information and also assist emotional behavior regulation. The amygdala is also connected to the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus according to a study by Ghashghaei et al. (2007), with implications involving focus on motivationally relevant stimuli. Studies have also shown less use in the remaining side of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, specifically in automatic emotion regulation involved regions, throughout mania and remission in bipolar adults. Also, significantly reduced activity within the left sides of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex throughout automatic attention and emotion regulation in bipolar adults. Overall, the neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder is quite obviously complex, but it is evident that abnormalities in regions of the left side prefrontal cortex as well as the left side hippocampus and parahippocampus, at least in childhood bipolar disorder, are present and should be further examined. (Phillips, 2008).According to Craddock et al. (2010) after analysis of a Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium study, a gene that encodes the GABA receptor 1 subunit, GABRB1 contained a significantly associated polymorphism, based on an analysis of bipolar patients and controls. After further studies they determined that variation within t he GABA receptor genes can contribute towards risk of bipolar disorder. Therefore, this is yet another implication of a neurologically related issue in bipolar disorder patients, this time concerning a factor that could be related to alcohol issues and things of that nature in those with bipolar disorder (Craddock, 2010).According to Yuan-Hwa et al. (2010), midbrain binding of serotonin transporter (SERT) has been shown to be decreased in those in the depressive state of bipolar disorder in previous positron emission tomography studies. In the study completed by Yuan-Hwa et al., the goal was to analyze if the same dysfunction would apply to those in the euthymic state of the disorder. The study was conducted by using two rating systems, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale, with a less than ten score or less than seven score, respectively, over an eight week period classifying a euthymic state. To measure the midbrain binding of serotonin transp orter, Yuan-Hwa et al. used single photon emission computed tomography and the radiotracer 123I-ADAM. Representing the handiness serotonin transporter binding within the midbrain, the main outcome measured was specic consumption ratio (SUR) (Yuan-Hwa, 2010).Results included dramatically lower averaged specific uptake ratios for bipolar I patients than for bipolar II patients or healthy individuals according to Yuan-Hwa et al. (2010). There was also a strong correlation of decreased specific uptake ratios in bipolar I patients with illness duration. This means that there is a different biological regulation mechanism in bipolar I patients than in bipolar II patients following stable treatment, which could make a case for dichotomy in bipolar disorder (Yuan-Hwa, 2010).Overall, neurotransmitters and other neurological system factors play a large role in understanding bipolar disorder of motley types and could potentially lead to diagnosis and treatment of the illness earlier kind of than later, when it has the best chance at being successful. If one thing is clear related to the neurological piece of this bipolar puzzle, it is that abnormalities and decreased levels of functioning are present, and look at to be further understood if progress toward better management of this disorder is going to take place.Miscellaneous FactorsThere are many other various factors that have biological implications in bipolar disorder. In this section, they will be discussed one by one. From protective factors to biomarkers that may increase risk, they will be explored in detail.The first factor concerns a certain kainate-type ionotropic glutamate receptor that is part of the glutamate neurotransmission process, called GRIK4, according to Pickard et al. (2006). Regarding bipolar disorder, a two single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype of the gene prove to be the most significant. Results regarding the haplotype inferred a protective quality towards bipolar disorder. Also, Pic kard et al. identified multiple individual haplotypes from markers four to eight, which subsequently associated with a protective quality regarding bipolar disorder, even though that region did not appear within the global analysis (Pickard, 2006). Therefore, it is clear that this gene has properties which protect the individual from developing bipolar disorder.Regarding the reelin gene (RELN), which helps in brain function and development, Ovadia and Shifman (2011) have found that there is a link between the dysfunction of the gene and psychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder. The expression of the reelin gene and its various isoforms was studied using brain samples from postmortem patients of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Results indicated that there was a discernible reduction in the short reelin gene isoform proportion, which was lacking the C-terminal region, in bipolar disorder. Hence, the RELN, or more specifically its short isoform, is dysfunctional and that dysfunc tion can be associated with bipolar disorder (Ovadia and Shifman, 2011).Patterson et al. (2009) found a biological marker of bipolar disorder using sensory gating, and specifically the P85 gating ratio. Their goal was to discover if and how gating of an auditory brain potential at 85 ms (P85), which hadnt been previously tested, dierentiated patient groups and control groups. Patterson et al. collected P85 and P50 auditory evoked potentials from schizoaective disorder patients, paranoid schizophrenia patients, and bipolar I disorder patients, and also from healthy control individuals. The results showed that the P85 gating ratio was dramatically greater in the bipolar group compared to any of the other groups and the P50 gating ratio was dramatically greater in the schizoaective group than it was in the control group, however it didnt dier from the ratio for the paranoid schizophrenia group or the bipolar group. Therefore, given the results, the P85 gating ratio might be a unique f reshly biomarker for bipolar disorder (Patterson, 2009).BD is associated with a number of genetic and possibly epigenetic abnormalities associated with neurotransmitter, hormonal and immunologically mediated neurobiological pathwaysHPA axis and immune system abnormalities (Duffy, 2012). This study completed by Duffy et al. basically reviews various biological indicators pertaining to susceptibility to bipolar disorder. Certain studies examined differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and also the immune systems of bipolar patients. In addition, there were implications to bipolar disorder found involving signal transduction processes within cells and also disruption within energy metabolism. Individuals at genetic risk provide a context for neurobiological findings and models concerning the onset and the progression of the illness are discussed. Overall, neuronal systems are dysfunctional in some ways in those with bipolar disorder, and because of this, things suc h as apoptosis concerning the extend of the disorder and oxidative stress can occur, which obviously are not normal or healthy in any way (Duffy, 2012).Going in a little different direction, Kapczinski et al. (2009) studied recurrence of manic and depressive episodes and how it can contribute to the progression of the disorder. Neurobiological abnormalities may increase as episodes happen over and over, and as the number of episodes an individual has had increases, both treatment by medicine and by psychotherapy become less and less successful. This may be due to worsening dysfunction regarding insight, cognition, and relationships, and various other types of functioning. Also, the degree to which the illness has progressed can be assessed by the continuation of dysfunctioning throughout the fairly normal mood phases that bipolar patients experience (Kapczinski, 2009).Various indicators for bipolar disorder include, abnormalities in some biomarkers, such as brain derived neurotroph ic factor (BDNF) and cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which may be related to neuronal and glial dysfunction (Kapczinski, 2009). These specifically are relevant to the possible staging of the disorder as increased levels of TNF-alpha and decreased serum levels of BDNF characterize patients in the later stages of the illness when examined in relation to those in the earlier stages. Therefore, if studies are replicated and more evidence supports differences significant adequacy to classify stages of bipolar disorder with unique treatment options and things of that nature, patients may not need to suffer unnecessarily and more success can be achieved towards the goal of relatively normal lives for these individuals (Kapczinski, 2009).ConclusionTo conclude, there is much that has yet to be discovered regarding the causes and various indicators, biological and otherwise, of bipolar disorder. However, progress is most definitely being made, and there are many p romising avenues to pursue in terms of achieving a greater understanding of this illness and how it is developed. From genetics and neurotransmitters which clearly play a significant role, to circadian rhythm factors which seem to be quite valid, this disorder has many influences.While it may seem at first to be a disorder triggered by environmental factors and various life events, it really is heavily biologically incorporated into those who suffer from this life altering and sometimes uncontrollable illness. As more studies are completed that test for various abnormalities, dysfunctions, and possibly even new types of differences within individuals who have bipolar disorder and those likely prone to developing it, more factors will be discovered and it is more than likely that a better grasp on the complexities of the illness are not too far away. To put it simply, though patients of this disorder may feel hopeless and beyond frustrated at times, researchers do not, and the day wh en the illness is entirely understood and treatment options are consistently effective will come sooner than some people might think.

New Zealands Disability and Aging Policies and Practices

unsanded Zealands Disability and Aging Policies and Pr performicesTask four Comparing international phylogenesiss to forward-looking Zealands policies and practices in simile to modifyment and aging.4.1. Policies on balk and aging4.1.1. International policies on harmCanadaCouncil for Canadians with balk has provide accommodate for disabled and assist them as they find difficulties when invigoration in society or finding the job or any educational. As follow several committee Transportation committeeInternational shooting committeeHuman rights committeeSocial policy committeeThe sociopolitical model concerned with human rights in the 1970s as they contract to reduce the roadblock of environment, any other negative thought toward hatful with disability from social companionship.The Canadian government promote the policies and sign independent sustentation for plenty with disability such as functions, transportation and housing and make to a greater extent flexible f or these plurality.According to the International model of Human Rights , multitude with disability also digest all the normal rights as a citizen and it is existing under the law for the disabled people.AustraliaIn Australia, the two Commonwealth policies and important that related to disability argon Disability Services Act 1986 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, they all provide the rights for the disability.The Disability Services Act(DSA) 1986 The act based on the handicapped course of instruction review that the commonwealth initiated 1983. There are some action of the legislation provide the advantages for people with disability into the society( Baume Kay 1995)Providing more flexible and more antiphonal to the needs for disabled people.Assist disabled people gets services and they can work in the community with full participation.Provide service to people with disability that they can achieve the incontrovertible outcomes such as become more independent, mor e opportunity for employment in the community.Considering the outcome achieved of the disabled people as they are taken into account of pecuniary for these services.Innovation in the provision of service for people with disability should be pushd.The disability discrimination act 1992 the act related to social justice for disabled in Australia. The act is aim to protect the interest of people with disability who has experience of discrimination in human race and private service. There are some action of the actThe disabled people has the same rights when they are in the communityWithin the community belief that people with disability have the same fundamental rights.Providing the law by commonwealth program as the discrimination against the person on the ground of the disability in the education , work, accommodation.New ZealandThe New Zealand strategy for people with disability introduced to the New Zealand government to promote a more inclusive society for people with disabili ty as they can get respect in social community. In addition, guideline the government implement about provide have got service for people with disability and some others attitude and behaviour from society toward them. The government department and others government agencies need to consider to people with disability before making decision.The strategy and policiesNon-disabling society should be encouraged and educate as they need to respect and highly values the lives to disable people.People in society should perceive the rights for people with disability as they can implement their rights fully.Considering education for disable people, as they can develop their skills and educational centre which can attend to them introduce in society.Giving and providing opportunities economic and employment for disable people in accordance with human rights and maintain adequate income.In the case, disable Maori and pacific people should be considered as promote participation.Providing pu nt the lifestyle choice and culture for people with disability. Also aliment for prize living in the community for disable people as they can feel comfortable while living in that community.Foster leadership by disable people as encourage them to making decision, acknowledge and strengthen of the leadership for them on this issue.Long- endpoint support system centred need to create on individual making sure the quality discernment and service deliver is centred for disable people .Foster an aware and responsive exoteric service make sure that government agencies, public service are aware the responsive for people with disability.ComparisonSimilarities In all three countries, the policies focus on how to delivery good support toward to the disabled people in any angle such as environment, educational, employment and social community.DifferencesCanada Policy concern about system support for the disabled people as encourage them participate in socials life.Australia The governmen t involved the aspect and concentrated to the educational discrimination for people with disability.New Zealand The government non only focus on the European in New Zealand, they also concern toward to Maori and Pacific people who are living with disability4.1.2. International policies on agingCanadaThere are several programmes focus on provide the fiscal of health direction for the elderly as well as concentrate to support service policies for the older people.Canada pension plan provide the security income program such as old age security, guaranteed income supplement(1967) to support for elderly about the financial and low-income for seniors by federal government general revenue.Providing advices and support of ageing under the population health fund and also the national health research and development program.Canada government also create and understand the knowledge to support the elderly on the way stiffly.The national framework on aging are providing the policies effectiv e to seniors as well as consulting this issue for older people in Canada.Making sure the manual safety for the elderly as their health or traveling or health insurance plan.Increasing government income security programmesAustraliaThe Australia government created the policies to support older people who are living in retreat become more active and financially secure.The older people can continue to work if they wish in the communitiesProvide the program such as lifelong learning and active ageing so the older people in Australia can be more active and can increase weigh of wellbeing in the elderly. Also good health can reduce the isolation and maintain the independence on the older people.New Zealand. The New Zealand positive aging strategy provides a framework for understanding and improving policies for older people. The positive aging takes account of health, financial security, personal safety and environment living for older people in New Zealand.wellness advocate and support the development of the health centre community for older people. Considering the multi-disciplinary availability need assessment throughout new Zealand.Income the policies has introduced to ensure that the elderly gets adequate income and appropriate standard of living. Following legislation that the security of publicly should be increased provide retirement income into the future.Housing providing support from government as the elderly gets appropriate housing option. In addition, organize the survey option to enable low-income families to purchase habitation.Transport public transport should be reviewed as they are friendly in terms of route, timetables and safe for all ages. Ensuring that lack of transport is not the barrier for health services. maturement in place developing the policy and the range of service that can support ageing in place. implement and promote service programmes of safety sense for older people.Culture diversity total of quality services for maori and pacific people should be increased and improved. Also , older people from ethnic community should be identified the issue in specific and develop those option according to the cultural.Rural developing and providing policies and support service delivery for older people who is living in the rural community.Attitudes all the people has the different positive attitudes to the older people as making sure that government agency and furtherance campaign portray positive images for the elderly. Developing intergenerational progammes in school and communities.Employment support employment of older people worker according to the government policies sector. Promote the mentoring programmes of the skills and experiences for older people.Opportunities improving the opportunity and increasing the educational and retraining for adult peopleComparisonSimilarities Supporting policies are providing properly toward to the older people in all three countries as they can live in the community with g ood health and comfortable with retirement.Differences Canada and Australia They all two countries are still focus on the financial support for older people. Also, these two countries has increased the number of the elderly and heavy(a) solutions how to deal with it and protect a good life for them.New Zealand In the case, New Zealand separate in different type on these policies which is very clearly to support for older people.4.2.1. International delivery policies on disabilityCanadaAccording to accessible transportation in Canada , the program were establish to provide the transport system and safety environment to swear out people with disability as they can found it easier when they are traveling.Health CanadaCommunity livingSupport funding for disable people in the labour market also help for employment as they are having disability.AustraliaDisability services Australia 1986 provided the quality of services delivered to disabled people as the quality for health care for the disability .In addition, the younger people with disability in residential aged care was set by the Australia government for five year which helping reduce the number of younger people having disability and support those people as they are living in the residential aged care.The disability standard provide achieving check access for people with disability.Home and community care provide support the care and increasing the independent for people with disability in the residential care.New ZealandIn the community, health care services from practice nurse may be related to primary health care centre. According to the Public Health and Disability act, the Primary Heath Organization were founded and that provide the health education and also others services of health were delivered.Public Health service also support service disabled people under the New Zealand Health and Disability Act 2000.ComparisonSimilarities All three countries are focus on providing the support for disable peop le with higher quality and progammes in different terms such as health care provide.DifferencesCanada These policy concentrate on be after safety for people with disability on the angle as transportation or employment, also meet on development educational for them to get more experiences and skills that can help them living in society.Australia Organizing the services and delivery carer in effectively to the younger with disability on the both side financially and mentally illness help these people more confident with their ability while they are living in the residential community.New Zealand Provide on the underlying need on health care under the New Zealand Health and Disability Act 2000 for the people with disability.4.2.2. International delivery policies on agingCanadaProving the financial support for older people when they retire at the age of 60The policies providing the services and also development the program liaising with different levels for the senior in the commun ity. instruction on long-term system support care for the elderly as the social support or any other physically or mentally support for them.AustraliaAustralia government concern to provide services and community of care effectively for older people according to their religious, culture and charities.Under the aged care assessment program, the government budget to support the elderly and contribute funds to support these program.Caring the elderly also get the support services from the government. Delivering the support needs in individual for elderly under the National continence management.New ZealandThere are several support service organizations were founded to develop and help the elderly with higher quality and effectively to them.Age concernDiabetes new ZealandNational health foundationCareer forcePublic health connectiveAs these organizations can provide a good qualification to help the older people in the retirement and get benefit in term of the needs that the elderly wan t.ComparisonSimilarities These countries are delivering the good quality and effectively support for the older people as well as they consider to develop to make sure the elderly can live in their community comfortable and happy.DifferencesCanada regime in Canada may need to provide the higher support of finance and services to care the elderly.Australia The health care system in Australia is quite effectively toward the older people.New Zealand Under each organization, they are giving the best support and access for the elderly as older people can live in the best way in the retirement home or facility.ReferencingGovernment of SaskatchewanRetrieved from http//www.socialservices.gov.sk.ca/office-disabilityDisability policy in CanadaRetrieved from http//video.med.ubc.ca/videos/osot/faculty/lj/Disability_Policy_in_Canada.pdfOffice for disability issueRetrieved from http//www.odi.govt.nz/resources/publications/new-zealand-disability-strategy.htmlMinistry of social developmentRetrieve d from http//www.msd.govt.nz/what-we-can-do/seniorcitizens/positive-ageing/goals/index.htmlDisability policies and program in AustraliaRetrieved from http//www.academia.edu/1079853/Disability_Policies_and_Programs_in_AustraliaGovernment of south AustraliaRetrieved from http//www.sa.gov.au/upload/entity/1856/dac-documents/policy-guideline/Parliament of CanadaRetrieved from http//www.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/cei-07-e.htmWomen with disability in AustraliaRetrieved from http//wwda.org.au/govtdis/govtdisoverview/Australia government- department of healthRetrieved from http//www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ageing-aged-care

Who Should Be Blamed For The H :: essays research papers

During Hitlers reign as Fuhrer of Nazi Ger spelly from 1933-1945, millions of innocent citizens of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and those of Jewish religion and campaign were executed. Hitler, although masterminding the plan of the perfect human race did not kill these people, rather differentiateed their deaths. In the early to mid-1940s death camps such as Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, Dachau, and Birkenau were created for the eventual extermination of the inferior peoples of Europe. Hitler commanded members of the Nazi party such as commandants, and SS troopers were ordered to follow through in the execution. The question is now, who is to blame for all of these deaths?It is impossible, in my opinion, to place the blame for all these deaths on one mans shoulders. It is understandably argued that the soldiers and such were merely carrying out orders, yet they had the choice whether to follow through or not. The murderers claimed to be afraid to disobey the ever-powerful Fuhrer in alarm of their own life. Yet, I still accept that no one can be ultimately forced to do something they do not want to. completely humans have a choice to make decisions and follow their own path, which these men did not choose to do. For this, I believe the men should suffer.For example, Amon Goeth was Commandant of Plaszow, a work camp for Jews and Poles. Although, not a death camp specifically, thousands of men and women were executed within its confines. As leader of the camp, with direct orders from Hitler, he was expected to watch part in the systematic elimination of the inferior peoples. Although only doing his job, he deserved punishment for his wrongdoings, as did all the other butchers of the camps.Doctors were also under order of Hitler. They were used to perform experiments on the selected such as fertilization, immunization experimentation, and operations. These people were tortured and suffered blindness, immobility, among many other things. Once again, although these do ctors were under order I believe that they should have suffered for what they had done to the prisoners.

For Esme- With Love and Squalor Essay -- J.D. Salinger Literature Essa

For Esme- With Love and Squalor1) In For Esme- With Love and Squalor, J.D. Salinger addresses a part of every soulfulnesss life. Everyone experiences periods in their life when they question the world and what is happening around them. Most people probably do not experience it quite as dramatic as the generator of the story, Sergeant X, does. He baffles himself in the middle of the pure madness of war, and is having a hard time coping with the realities of the situation. Eventually, people find their way of dealing with these moments. Sergeant X relies on his memories of Esme to help him. The theme of the story is that the innocence of youth can serve as a heal power in times when the world seems to be falling apart. 2) For Esme-With Love and Squalor is essentially a story within a story this is definitive to the theme of the story because the writer attempts to remove himself from the story (in first person narration) for the purpose of examination (in third pe rson). This use of point of view makes the reader oddment what is real and what the author (inside the story) is making-up. This sounds strange because the whole story is fictitious, but Salinger makes us contemplate this and it adds to the effect of the story. 3) The first part of the story is told from first person narration. We be told the reason for writing is to edify, to instruct the man that Esme is about to marry. Throughout the first half of the story we are given the impression that the writer is admiring Esme for her youth and innocence, or love as the title suggests. Before the change to third person narration, we are told that this is going to be the squalid or repulsive part of the story. The writer then disguis... ...d period of his life. 8) Innocence in a world of death, tyranny, and oppression seems ridiculous. The world has a way of destroying and making one numb to the ideals and values we formerly held in our youth. In Stephen Cranes novel The Red Badge of Courage, we are told a story of a young mans tour into manhood in the backdrop of the Civil War. Henry, as did Sergeant X, had a difficult time coming to terms with the realities of war. Sergeant X dwelled upon his experiences and allowed them to haunt him. We are told at the end of The Red Badge of Courage that Henry is able to rid himself of the red sickness of battle. Crane writes that he turns with a lovers thirst to images of tranquil skies, fresh meadows, (and) cool brooks. In For Esme- With Love and Squalor, Sergeant X turns to the tranquil memories of innocence triggered by Esme.