Essay on Comparing Two Articles on Teen Binge Drinking

Comparing Two Articles on Teen Binge Drinking The article How to Manage Teen Drinking (the smart way), written by Jeffery Kluger and the article Getting Stupid, written by Bernie Wuethrich are both articles about teenage binge drinking. The two articles are very similar and different at the same time, while together rhetorically appealing to the logos. Combined they give a good background on teenage binge drinking. Both articles have many similarities; both agree that binge drinking is a problem among adolescents across the country. Binge drinking is defined by both articles as, â€Å"five or more drinks in a row for boys and four or more drinks in a row for girls† (Wuethrich, p.58-59). Both articles agree that one major†¦show more content†¦It was written to give suggestions on how to lower the amount of teenage binge drinking. One solution that Middlebury College in Vermont has thought of would be to lower the drinking age. This technique would be useful because kids would be able to drink in more open environments and not have to hide what they are inevitably going to do. This is productive because in the open environments, they can be monitored and if anything goes wrong a responsible person will be there to help. This idea of an 18 year old drinking age is not too plausible because if a state were to lower the drinking age, the federal government would take away mill ions of dollars in highway funding. The federal government has good reason to take away funding. This is because The University of Michigan conducted a study when the drinking age was raised from 18 to 21 years old, in the early 1980’s. The study found that, â€Å"The change also contributed to a 58% drop in alcohol-related deaths among 15- to 20-year olds since 1982† (Kluger, p.43). According to Getting Stupid the reason why so many adolescent kids binge drink is because when they are drunk, dopamine is released in the prefrontal cortex, which gives you a feeling of pleasure. Teens want this pleasure to reoccur, so they drink again. After a long period of usage a tolerance is built and more alcohol is needed to receive the same pleasure, which leads to binge drinking (Wuethrich, p.62). TheShow MoreRelatedThroughout History, The United States Has Taken On Several1288 Words   |  6 Pagesminimum legal drinking age that vary in age as well as in state and federal enforcement of the limit. To this day, there is quite a bit of controversy surrounding the subject because advocates of higher, lower, and limitless age regulations all provide decent arguments towards their suggested policies. Regardless of the policy, they all have the same aim: reduce alcohol addiction, binge drinking, drunk driving, and other alcohol related public health risks. The current minimum legal drinking age hasRead MoreThose Who Fight For Their Country And Risk Their Lives1753 Words   |  8 Pagesalcoholic beverage. During the Roaring Twenties, before the National Minimum Legal Drinking Age Act of 1984, Prohibition set in and ratified the 18th Amendment. This closed many taverns, bars, and saloons in the United States; which drove alcohol underground, this started the underground alcohol trade. Eventually, the Prohibition was repealed and drinking was legal again for those of age and stipulations. The Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) is a term widely used to describe the age at which the legal consumptionRead More Designated Driver Program Proposal Essay2465 Words   |  10 Pagesdriver program would benefit the University of Denver community, comprised of students, faculty, staff, and administration. The structure of the University of Denver community makes our initiative very challenging, but also very feasible. Comparing DU to the 8 Ingredients of a Community, from John Gardner?s On Leadership, the dynamics of our community play an integral role in our ability to accomplish our goal of creating a designated driver program. The Eight Ingredients of a Community areRead MoreThe Media and Its Role Today3347 Words   |  14 Pageslives by encouraging healthy, realistic attitudes towards weight and diet. 2.4 Violence Let’s face it, the media is cool, whatever is being done on television is being emulated by the public. For example fashion trends, smoking habits, binge drinking and premarital sex. But what happens when violence as seen on television is being seen as the way to solve problems? Violence these days is on the rise. People think it is alright to solve problems using violence. For example solve a feud byRead MoreEarly Childhood Through Middle Adulthood And The Effects Of Obesity5776 Words   |  24 Pagesnegatively impacted by obesity in epidemic proportions. Early Childhood and Obesity Early child is categorized as beginning at age two through age seven. In normal childhood development in this age group children experience changes in their physical appearance, cognitive development and social development. The physical changes in this age group are rapid. They grow about two and a half inches taller and again approximately five to seven pounds annually. They lose their baby fat giving a slender appearanceRead MoreConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 Pagesof Food Calories per Day 2011 ....... 22 Drinking Habits ........................................................................................................................... 23 Attitudes Towards Drinking ..................................................................................................... 23 Drinking Inside the Home ....................................................................................................... 24 Drinking Outside the Home .........................Read MoreMaterial Protected Under International And Federal Copyright Laws And Treaties8891 Words   |  36 Pagesvery serious public health crisis of overweight and obesity. Nearly one-third of all adults are now classified as obese, a figure that has more than doubled over the last 30 years. Children are getting heavier as well. The percentage of children and teens that are overweight has more than doubled in the past 30 years. Today, about 17 percent of American children ages 2 to 19 are overweight. Health risks associated with being overweight or obese include 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterolRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesexamined only notable mistakes, and based on your favorable comments about recent editions, I have again included some well-known successes. While mistakes provide valuable learning insights, we can also learn from successes and find nuggets by comparing the unsuccessful with the successful. With the addition of Google and Starbucks, we have moved Entrepreneurial Adventures up to the front of the book. We have continued Marketing Wars, which many of you recommended, and reinstated Comebacks ofRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesConflict 375 SKILL LEARNING 376 Interpersonal Conflict Management 376 Mixed Feelings About Conflict 376 Diagnosing the Type of Interpersonal Conflict 378 Conflict Focus 378 Conflict Source 380 Selecting the Appropriate Conflict Management Approach 383 Comparing Conflict Management and Negotiation Strategies 386 Selection Factors 386 Resolving Interpersonal Confrontations Using the Collaborative Approach A General Framework for Collaborative Problem Solving 391 The Four Phases of Collaborative Problem Solving

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Six Free Essays

Cautiously, Matt felt along the path with his foot until he found grass, then inched his way onto it, holding his hands out in front of him until he was touching the rough bark of a tree. There probably weren’t too many people hanging around outside the main campus gate, but he’d just as soon have no one see him, blindfolded, dressed in his weddings-and-funerals suit and tie, and looking, he was sure, like an idiot. On the other hand, he did want whoever was coming to get him to be able to spot him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Six or any similar topic only for you Order Now It would be better to look like an idiot out in the open now and become part of the Vitale Society than to hide and spend the rest of the night blindfolded in the bushes. Matt inched his way back toward where he thought the gate must be and stumbled. Waving his hands, he managed to catch his balance again. He suddenly wished he had told someone where he was going. What if somebody other than the Vitale Society had left him the note? What if this was a plan to get him on his own, some kind of trap? Matt ran his finger beneath his sweaty too-tight col ar. After al the weird things that had happened to him in the last year, he couldn’t help being paranoid. If he vanished now, his friends would never know what had happened to him. He thought of Elena’s laughing blue eyes, her clear, searching gaze. She would miss him if he disappeared, he knew, even if she had never loved him the way he wanted her to. Bonnie’s laugh would lose its carefree note if Matt were gone, and Meredith would become more tense and fierce, push herself harder. He mattered to them. The Vitale Society’s invitation was clear, though: tel no one. If he wanted to get in the game, he had to play by their rules. Matt understood rules. Without warning, someone – two someones – grabbed his arms, one on each side. Instinctively, Matt struggled, and he heard a grunt of exasperation from the person on his right. â€Å"Fortis aeturnus,† hissed the person on his left like a password, his breath warm on Matt’s ear. Matt stopped fighting. That was the slogan on the letter from the Vitale Society, wasn’t it? It was Latin, he was pretty sure. He wished he’d taken the time to find out what it meant. He let the people holding his arms guide him across the grass and onto the road. â€Å"Step up,† the one on his left whispered, and Matt moved forward careful y, climbing into what seemed to be the back of a van. Firm hands pushed his head down to keep him from banging it on the van’s roof, and Matt was reminded of that terrible time this past summer when he’d been arrested, accused of attacking Caroline. The cops had pushed his head down just like that when they put him handcuffed into the back of the squad car. His stomach sank with remembered dread, but he shook it off. The Guardians had erased everyone’s memories of Caroline’s false accusations, just as they’d changed everything else. The hands guided him to a seat and strapped a seat belt around him. There seemed to be people sitting on each side of him, and Matt opened his mouth to speak – to say what, he didn’t know. â€Å"Be stil ,† the mysterious voice whispered, and Matt closed his mouth obediently. He strained his eyes to see something past the blindfold, even a hint of light and shadow, but everything was dark. Footsteps clattered across the floor of the van; then the doors slammed, and the engine started up. Matt sat back. He tried to keep track of the turns the van took but lost count of the rights and lefts after a few minutes and instead just sat quietly, waiting to see what would happen next. After about fifteen minutes, the van came to a halt. The people on either side of Matt sat up straighter, and he tensed, too. He heard the front doors open and close and then footsteps come around the van before the back doors opened. â€Å"Remain silent,† the voice that spoke to him earlier ordered. â€Å"You wil be guided toward the next stage of your journey.† The person next to Matt brushed against him as he rose, and Matt heard him stumble on what sounded like gravel underfoot as he was led away. He listened alertly, but, once that person had left, Matt heard only the nervous shifting of the other people seated in the van. He jumped when hands took his arms once more. Somehow they’d snuck up on him again; he hadn’t heard a thing. The hands helped him out of the van, then guided him across what felt like a sidewalk or courtyard, where his shoes thudded against first gravel, then pavement. His guides continued to lead him up a series of stairs, through some kind of hal way, then back down again. Matt counted three flights down before he was stopped again. â€Å"Wait here,† the voice said, and then his guides stepped away. Matt tried to figure out where he was. He could hear people, probably his companions from the van, shifting quietly, but no one spoke. Judging by the echoes their little motions produced, they were in a large space: a gym? a basement? Probably a basement, after al those stairs down. From behind him came the quiet click of a door closing. â€Å"You may now remove your blindfolds,† a new voice, deep and confident, said. Matt untied his blindfold and looked around, blinking as his eyes adjusted to the light. It was a faint, indirect light, which supported his basement theory, but if this was a basement, it was the fanciest one he’d ever seen. The room was huge, stretching into dimness at its other end, and the floor and wal s were paneled in a dark, heavy wood. Arches and pil ars supported the ceiling at intervals, and there were some kinds of carvings on them: the clever, twisted face of what might be a sprite leered at him from a pil ar; the figure of a running deer spanned one archway. Red-velvet-seated chairs and heavy wooden tables lined the wal s. Matt and the others were facing a great central archway, topped by a large ornate letter V made of different kinds of glittering, highly polished metals elaborately welded together. Below the V ran the same motto that had appeared on the letter: fortis aeturnus. Glancing at the people near him, Matt saw that he wasn’t the only one feeling confused and apprehensive. There were maybe fifteen other people standing there, and they seemed like they came from different classes: there was no way that tal , stooping guy with the ful beard was a freshman. A smal , round-faced girl with short ringlets of brown hair caught Matt’s eye. She raised her eyebrows at him, widening her mouth in an exaggerated expression of bewilderment. Matt grinned back at her, his spirits lightening. He shifted closer to her and had just opened his mouth to whisper an introduction when he was interrupted. â€Å"Welcome,† said the deep, authoritative voice that had instructed them to take off their blindfolds, and a young man stepped up to the central archway, directly below the huge V. Behind him came a circle of others, seemingly a mix of guys and girls, al clothed in black and wearing masks. The effect ought to have been over the top, Matt thought, but instead the masked figures seemed mysterious and aloof, and he suppressed a shiver. The guy beneath the arch was the only one not wearing a mask. He was a bit shorter than the silent figures around him, with curly dark hair, and he smiled warmly as he stretched out his hands toward Matt and the others. â€Å"Welcome,† he said again, â€Å"to a secret. You may have heard rumors of the Vitale Society, the oldest and most il ustrious organization of Dalcrest. This is a society often spoken of in whispers, but about which no one knows the truth. No one except its members. I am Ethan Crane, the current president of the Vitale Society, and I’m delighted that you have accepted our invitation.† He paused and looked around. â€Å"You have been invited to pledge because you are the best of the best. Each of you has different strengths.† He gestured to the tal , bearded guy Matt had noticed. â€Å"Stuart Covington here is the most bril iant scientific mind of the senior class, perhaps one of the most promising ones in the country. His articles on biogenetics have already been published in numerous journals.† Ethan walked into the crowd and stopped next to Matt. This close up, Matt could see that Ethan’s eyes were an almost golden hazel, ful of warmth. â€Å"Matt Honeycutt enters Dalcrest as a starting player on the footbal team after leading his high school to the state championship last year. He could have had his choice of col ege footbal programs, and he chose to come to Dalcrest.† Matt ducked his head modestly, and Ethan squeezed his shoulder before walking on to stop next to the cute round-faced girl. â€Å"Junior Chloe Pascal is, as those of you who attended last year’s campus art show know, the most talented artist on campus. Her dynamic, exciting sculptures have won her the Gershner Award for two years running.† He patted Chloe on the arm as she blushed. Ethan went on, passing from one member of their little group to another, listing accomplishments. Matt was only half listening as he looked around at the rapt expressions on the faces of the other candidates, but he got the impression of a wide range of talents, and that this was indeed a gathering of the best of the best, an assembly of campus achievers. He seemed to be the only freshman. He felt like Ethan had lit a glowing candle inside him: he, Matt, who had been the least special of his group of friends, was being singled out. â€Å"As you can see,† Ethan said, circling back to the front of the group, â€Å"each of you has different skil s. Brains, creativity, athleticism, the ability to lead others. These qualities, when brought together, can make you the most elite and powerful group, not only on campus, but throughout life. The Vitale Society is an organization with a long history, and once you are a member of the society, you are one for life. Forever.† He held up one finger in caution, his face serious. â€Å"However, this meeting is but the first step on the road to becoming a Vitale. And it is a difficult road.† He smiled at them again. â€Å"I believe – we believe – that al of you have what it takes to become a Vitale. You would not have been invited to pledge if we did not think you were worthy.† Matt straightened his shoulders and held his head high. Least remarkable member of his group of friends or not, he’d saved the world – or at least his hometown – more than once. Even if he’d just been one of a team then, he was pretty sure he could handle whatever the Vitale Society could throw at him. Ethan smiled directly at him. â€Å"If you are prepared to pledge the Vitale Society, to keep our secrets and earn our trust, step forward now.† Without hesitating, Matt stepped forward. Chloe and the bearded guy – Stuart – stepped with him and, looking around, Matt saw that every one of the pledges had moved forward together. Ethan came toward Matt and took hold of the lapel of his suit. â€Å"There,† he said, quickly pinning something on it and letting Matt go. â€Å"Wear this at al times, but discreetly. You must keep your involvement with the society secret. You wil be contacted. Congratulations.† He gave Matt a brief, genuine smile, and moved on to Chloe, saying the same thing to her. Matt turned his lapel up and looked at the tiny dark blue V that Ethan had pinned to it. He’d never thought much before about fraternities, or secret societies, or any kind of organization that wasn’t a sports team. But this, being the only freshman the legendary Vitale Society wanted, was different. They saw something in him, something special. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Six, Essay examples

Case Study about the Lecture Report for Climate Change in Bangladesh

Question: Describe about the Report for Climate Change in Bangladesh. Answer: Climate Climate change is real, despite much debate on it happening worldwide, its effects cannot be ignored. All across the world, countries have been experiencing climate change, from its mild form to its destructive form. And what are climate, and the said climate change? Climate means the normal weather of a place. Weather is the day to day variations that are seen and felt; in a day it can be rainy, sunny, hot, or even cold (Pielke et.al, 1998). Such patterns determine the climate of a place. Climate change is, therefore, a variation in the normal weather of a place; it could be of rain received in a region in a year, or in the usual temperature of a place for a season or even a month (Stern, 2007). Climate change Climate change also refers to the alteration of the earths climate. In comparison to weather, which can change after only a few hours, change in climate takes a long period, say hundreds or even millions of years. Researchers in the field of climate change have pointed out that over the last 100 years; earths temperature has risen with one degree Fahrenheit (Flannery, 2007). Climate change is as a result of different underlying factors: natural, and those that result from human activities. Naturally, earths climate can vary due to alteration in its distance from the sun, less or more energy reaching earth from the sun, change in oceans, volcanic eruptions, among others (Karl, 2009). Human activities such as heating or cooling houses, driving cars, cooking, manufacturing goods, all require energy. This the major source of carbon dioxide emission. The Climate of Bangladesh Considering the current trends, and if nothing gets done to better the situation, scientists are of the thought that earths temperatures will keep rising in the course of the next 100 years (Archer, 2016.). Many countries are already feeling the rough side of climate change. One of these countries is Bangladesh, which is the country of highlight in this paper. Bangladesh is among the worlds largest deltas; it has a high vulnerability to natural disasters due to its low-lying and flat landscape, geographical location, poverty, population density, illiteracy, among others (Mohammad, 2015). Therefore, the social, physical, and economic states of Bangladesh representative of any the countries in the world that are most vulnerable to natural calamities. It has a total land area of 147,570 sq.km. Eighty percent of these areas are flood plains meaning that during the rainy season, a majority of the country is prone to flooding. As of 2011, Bangladesh had a population of approximately 150 mi llion people, and at birth life expectancy is 63 years; adult literacy rate stands at 48%. Bangladesh ranks 140 out of 177 countries in development according to a recent Human Development Report. The annual growth rate of the population is around 2%, and almost three-quarters of the population dwell in rural areas. Climate change impacts Climatic impacts Typical to the climate of Bangladesh are heavy rainfall, high temperatures, and high humidity; this climate is marked by three seasonal alterations: medium to heavy rainfall, hot summer, shrinking winter. According to Karim and Mimura, one of these effects is high temperatures and drought and the countrys north and north-western suffer much due to the problem of extreme temperatures. The second effect is cyclones and storm surges; during the last couple of years, the countrys south and south-eastern parts got hit by tropical cyclones. The third effect is floods or flashes floods approximately 80% of the countrys total area are prone to flooding. The fourth impact is salinity intrusion, a problem being experienced in nearly the entire coastal belt next to the Bay of Bengal (2008). Sectorial impacts Fisheries and agriculture The major economic activity in Bangladesh is agriculture, two-thirds of the countrys population engages directly or indirectly in agricultural activities. Continued Climate change would, thus, have overall widespread impact on agricultural production in Bangladesh consequently devastating the countrys economy. Salinity problem, severe temperature, and drought are among the climate change effects responsible for the decreasing crop yield in Bangladesh (Van Aalst, 2006). Changes in rainfall and temperature have also to a great extent decreased the countrys arable land area. In the coastal area, salinity intrusion is bringing about dire implications for the coastal land whose traditional use was rice production. There have also been adverse effects in the fisheries sector as a result of climate change. In Bangladesh, 3.5% of the GDP comes from the fisheries sector. Within the territory of Bangladesh, there are about 260 species of fish and most of them are sensitive to certain fresh and salt water conditions. Forestry, Water Resources, and Hydrology Bangladesh is home to a large diversity of ecosystems such as the mangrove forests found at the south-most part of the country. The countrys Sundarbans along the Bay of Bengal is the worlds largest mangrove forest and comprises of 577,000 hectares of land area. The changes in Earth climate have and will continue to negatively affect the ecosystem of the forests round the country; especially the 425 species, including the Royal Bengal Tiger, already identified in the Sundarbans forest. These changes in water resources and hydrology will have a substantial impact on the economy of the Bangladesh since most people depend on subsurface water for the fishery, irrigation, and navigation, industrial production, and other like activities (Faruque and Ali, 2005). Urban areas and vulnerable groups The countrys cities and towns located along the coastal belt are more prone to climate change related disasters; these places could go through severe direct damage due to rise in sea level and storm surges. In Bangladesh, 40 percent of the urban population dwells in squatter and slum settlements of cities which are much prone to the risk of disaster when it rains. Climate change has, thus, put the urban poor at direct risk in the face of natural disasters especially due to lack of proper infrastructure. In 1991 there was a Cyclone and Storm surge, and the number of women deaths that resulted from it was five times higher than that of men (Haque, and Blair, 1992). Coastal areas In Bangladesh, around a quarter of the population live in the coastal areas; a majority of this population is affected directly or obliquely by river bank erosion, coastal floods and tidal surges, tropical cyclones, salinity, etc. (Zhu, Linham, and Nicholls, 2010). As the sea level continues to rise, Bangladesh will with time lose a lot of its land surface to sea water; about 30 million people rising in the coastal areas may turn to refugees due to such impacts of climate change. From the Bay of Bengal, salinity intrusion penetrates 100 kilometers into the country during the dry season; the scenario is likely to deteriorate as climate change gradually progresses. Most of Bangladesh is 10 meters above sea level, and approximately 10% of the population lives below 1-meter elevation. The Bay of Bengal at the tilt of the North Indian Ocean experiences severe cyclonic storms and frequently generated long tidal waves; these hit the coast line with huge impacts due to the cyclonical shape a nd shallow nature of the Bay near Bangladesh. What is responsible? According to the 2009 Global Climate Risk Index compiled by German Watch, an international nongovernmental organization working on the development and environmental issues, Bangladesh tops the list of 170 countries (Singh, Pathirana, and Shi, 2006. The countrys risk heightens due to its vast delta plain that comprises of 230 rivers; during the monsoon rains, many of these rivers unstably swell and overflow onto inhabited land. The melting glaciers of the Himalayas in the north add to the river water, and so does the encroaching Bay of Bengal from the south; the excess water leads to severe flooding. Then prevalent intense storms go ahead to make the flooding situation worse. Actions that Bangladesh should take The United Nation notes that a quarter of coastline in Bangladesh could be swamped should the sea rise three feet in the coming 50 years; 30 million Bangladeshis would consequently get displaced from their farms and homes. In adapting to the rising sea level, the nation should at moderate expenses repair, extend, and better maintain its 7,000 kilometers-long coastal dikes (Adger, 2005). The country should also quicken and invest more on the research they have underway into saline-resistant rice varieties. Relying on neighboring countries for resettlement is not an option; India, for example, is constructing a fence across its border. Bangladesh should also be at the frontline in the fight against emission of greenhouse gasses by convincing China, United States, India, and Europe to reduce the said emissions. Conclusion This paper has looked at what climate is and what differentiates it from the weather. The paper has further delved climate change, an alteration of the climate conditions of a place and the world as a whole. The center of climate change discussion in this paper is the impacts of climate change in Bangladesh: climatic impacts and sectorial impacts which comprise of fisheries and agriculture; forestry, water resources and hydrology; and Urban areas and vulnerable groups, and coastal areas. There is also a discussion on what is responsible for the climate change effects in the Himalayas: melting glaciers, greenhouse gasses among others. As much as the country is expected to deal with the climate change impacts it experiences, the rest of the world should also come in and assist Bangladesh as well as other countries facing and that will face similar challenges. References Archer, D., 2016. The long thaw: how humans are changing the next 100,000 years of Earth's climate. Princeton University Press. Flannery, T., 2007. The weather makers: How man is changing the climate and what it means for life on earth. Grove/Atlantic, Inc.. Faruque, H.S.M. and Ali, M.L., 2005. Climate change and water resources management in Bangladesh. Climate Change and Water Resources in South Asia, Balkema Press (Taylor and Francis group), Leiden, pp.231-254. Haque, C.E. and Blair, D., 1992. Vulnerability to tropical cyclones: evidence from the April 1991 cyclone in coastal Bangladesh. Disasters, 16(3), pp.217-229. Karim, M.F. and Mimura, N., 2008. Impacts of climate change and sea-level rise on cyclonic storm surge floods in Bangladesh. Global Environmental Change, 18(3), pp.490-500. Karl, T.R., 2009. Global climate change impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press. Mohammad, N., 2015. Climate change and Displacement in Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges. Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, pp.177-194. Pielke, R.A., Avissar, R., Raupach, M., Dolman, A.J., Zeng, X. and Denning, A.S., 1998. Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems: influence on weather and climate. Global change biology, 4(5), pp.461-475. Stern, N.H., 2007. The economics of climate change: the Stern review. cambridge University press. Singh, A., Pathirana, S. and Shi, H., 2006. Assessing coastal vulnerability: developing a global index for measuring risk. UNEP/Earthprint. Van Aalst, M.K., 2006. The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters. Disasters, 30(1), pp.5-18. Zhu, X., Linham, M.M. and Nicholls, R.J., 2010. Technologies for climate change adaptation-Coastal erosion and flooding. Adger, W.N., Hughes, T.P., Folke, C., Carpenter, S.R. and Rockstrm, J., 2005. Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science, 309(5737), pp.1036-1039.

Teen Pregnancy and Its Effects on Education free essay sample

Teen pregnancy is an epidemic that has swept our nation for many years. It can alter the lives of teenagers in extreme measures. It is almost normal to see a teenager with a baby in today’s society. Getting pregnant while you’re a teen will definitely cause you to have to change your life style to accompany a child. This could mean not going to school or potentially dropping out of school permanently. Teen pregnancy will have a negative effect on the education of the teenager because it will force them to be committed full time to the concerns and needs of the child. One of the major concerns of having a child or becoming a parent is to do so when youre old and mature enough to take on the responsibility. One of the problems in todays society is teenage pregnancy. The risk of pregnancy in teenagers is increasing largely. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Pregnancy and Its Effects on Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many teenagers dont know how big of a responsibility it is to raise another human being when they themselves still have a lot of growing to do. 18% of U. S teens have experienced sex prior to the age of fifteen. Teenagers need to be more educated about themselves and their bodies as well as ways to protect themselves from getting pregnant if theyre sexually active. Becoming a teen parent automatically gives you a big responsibility to deal with. This means that all of your personal priorities are set aside and that your child comes first. Most teens dont even know how to take care of a child. Taking care of your own child isnt like babysitting; it is a full time job. Dealing with children involves a lot of patience, which a lot of teens dont have. When you have a child you have to be committed to that child every moment and every second of every day. There are no breaks when it comes to being a parent. If you have a child then they will come first even before school. This is where having a child at a young age becomes a problem. The teenager doesn’t have time to be in class and dealing with school work when they have a baby at home. Then it becomes a hassle to have to attend school when you have a baby to worry about. When the teenager begins to not do their work because they are preoccupied with a baby then they fall behind. Some schools even pressure the pregnant teen mothers to attend a continuation school so they will have more time to take care of their child. Sierra Brooks states, â€Å"Upland High School told me that it would be in my best interest to attend Hillside Continuation School. They persuaded me to leave by telling me that I wouldn’t have class everyday and that I would have more time to be with my son. † The school she went to made it seem as if her attending a continuation school would be better suited for her and her situation of having a baby while she was still in high school. Sierra was only a freshman in high school when she became pregnant. The father made it clear that he was not going to support her having a baby that earlier and so he left her on her on. Her mother and sisters were the only ones who would be helping her. So continuation school seemed like a good idea. Eventually Sierra would stop going to school and start working. Her dropping out school was the biggest mistake of her life. â€Å"Now I work doing inventory for various stores around the city and it is extremely hard. I either work early in the morning or late at night and the job doesn’t pay me for the gas I use driving to the stores. † It is evident that her not finishing at the high school had a major impact on her life. She still has no diploma. She is currently working towards her GED. â€Å"I have to find a babysitter for my son every Friday while I go to school. Sierra struggles everyday trying to juggle school, work, and taking care of her son with no help from the baby’s father. She does have a child support case open on him but it does not help when it comes to having to take care of him. She is all alone making her have to provide for the baby on her on. She has given her son 3 birthday parties and 3 Christmas’ on her own. If she would have at least graduated she would have her diploma and could be working on her degree to provide a better life for her and her son. Dealing with the responsibility of being a parent is one of the hardest tasks to take on. Becoming a parent involves emotion, compassion, dedication, strength, knowledge, protectiveness, and being able to financially support the child. All these seem to outweigh the importance of school. It is a possibility that the teenagers see the crisis of being pregnant something that needs to be dealt with immediately and place school in the back of their minds. The problem is when they put school off they never seem to think about going back until times get rough. Sometimes years go by and they realize that they are grown and their children are in school and that they never even received their diploma. Teen pregnancy is declining though. It is mostly because of the advances in birth control practices but also teenagers are realizing the potential harm having a baby can do to their future. More teens have seen their older sibling or friends with a baby and don’t see them going out to parties or the club anymore and realize it has to do with a baby. Teens really want to have fun and still be kids and even if they don’t see how a baby can affect their future they know it can ruin their social life. 20% of the decline in teen pregnancy since the early 1990s is due to decreased sexual activity. Most teens are starting to promote abstinence and not have sex.

Early 19th century London essays

Early 19th century London essays Throughout the 1800s, London grew at an incredibly fast rate. People from all over the world flocked to this magnificent city of wealth and opportunity. By the mid- 1800s, London had become the single largest city in the world, with an astonishing population of 2,362,000 people. Lascar and Chinese communities began to appear near shipping ports and docks, and the Irish population continued to grow reaching hundreds of thousands. By 1841, less than two thirds of the cities inhabitants had actually been born there, and as the vast city became more and more populated, London developed some of the worst slums ever known. In St. Giles and Seven Dials, on Jacobs Island and in the Rookeries, enormous numbers of the poor were left to die. As the nineteenth century progressed, the gap between classes became increasingly more evident. Through the eyes of the rich, the poor were seen nothing more than animals. However, when Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, a world of literature unknown to most Londoners became available. As both the upper and lower classes began reading this book, the enormous chasm between the rich and the poor started to close. Soon after, seeing the world in a new light, the diverse classes began to refine themselves, and finally began respecting each other. Looking back over a long life, fellow writer Francis Place was amazed at the transformation of manners among Londons population. London was greatly affected by its continual flow of immigrants. What drew immigrants to London was the possibility of employment, and thanks to Charles Dickens inspiring and enlightening novels, what they found was a world of science, art, and opportunity. ...

Countries With Multiple Capital Cities

Countries With Multiple Capital Cities Twelve countries around the world have multiple capital cities for a variety of reasons. Most split administrative, legislative, and judicial headquarters between two or more cities. Benin Porto-Novo is the official capital of Benin but Cotonou is the seat of government. Bolivia The administrative capital of Bolivia is La Paz while the legislative and judicial (also known as constitutional) capital is Sucre. Cote dIvoire In 1983, President Felix Houphouet-Boigny moved the capital of Cote dIvoire from Abidjan to his hometown of Yamoussoukro. This made the official capital Yamoussoukro but many government offices and embassies (including the United States) remain in Abidjan. Israel In 1950, Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as their capital city. However, all countries (including the United States) maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv-Jaffa, which was Israels capital from 1948 to 1950. Malaysia Malaysia has moved many administrative functions from Kuala Lumpur to a suburb of Kuala Lumpur called Putrajaya. Putrajaya is a new high-technology complex 25 km (15 miles) south of Kuala Lumpur. The Malaysian government has relocated administrative offices and the Prime Ministers official residence. Nonetheless, Kuala Lumpur remains the official capital. Putrajaya is part of a regional Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC). The MSC itself is also home to Kuala Lumpur International Airport and the Petronas Twin Towers. Myanmar On Sunday, November 6, 2005 civil servants and government officials were ordered to move immediately from Rangoon to a new capital, Nay Pyi Taw (also known as Naypyidaw) 200 miles north. While governmental buildings in Nay Pyi Taw had been under construction for more than two years, its construction was not widely publicized. Some report the timing of the move was related to astrological recommendations. The transition to Nay Pyi Taw continues so both Rangoon and Nay Pyi Taw retain capital status. Other names might be seen or used to represent the new capital and nothing is solid as of this writing. Netherlands Though the legal (de jure) capital of the Netherlands is Amsterdam, the actual (de facto) seat of government and residence of the monarchy is The Hague. Nigeria The capital of Nigeria was officially moved from Lagos to Abuja in December 2, 1991 but some offices remain in Lagos. South Africa South Africa is a very interesting situation as it has three capitals. Pretoria is the administrative capital, Cape Town is the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein is the home of the judiciary. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka has moved the legislative capital to Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte, a suburb of the official capital in Colombo. Swaziland Mbabane is the administrative capital and Lobamba is the royal and legislative capital. Tanzania Tanzania officially designated its capital as Dodoma but only the legislature meets there, leaving Dar es Salaam as the de facto capital city.

Loose-leaf for Essentials of Life-Span Development Research Paper

Loose-leaf for Essentials of Life-Span Development - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the best way the Garcia parents can solve this impasse is by using authoritative parenting. The fact that authoritative parenting is more lenient compared to the authoritarian model of parenting necessities the consideration of the Garcia parents. This is because, the main beneficiaries of parenting, Kerry and Timothy are still young. Timothy, in this case, has a desire to copy his parents and to create gaming situations. Unlike the authoritarian model which is emphatic on the following of rules and regulations and the meting out of punishment, the authoritative model is more lenient and readily amenable to administrative and democratic styles of training and leadership. It is a fact that Timothy, in this case, is too young to appreciate the import of punishment and regulations. In a closely related wavelength, it is true that the authoritarian model of parenting may not auger well with Timothy’s emotional and intellectual develop ment. It is at this time that children become more inquisitive and ask many questions. At this stage, the leniency of the authoritative model will Timothy acquire more knowledge from Patricia and Michael Garcia. It is at Timothy’s stage that he is bound to resolve his struggle with the Oedipal complex with learning and accepting the social role identification which the society assigns. Should natural desires and goals overwhelm or frustrate timothy, Timothy will become predisposed to guilt feelings. Again, it is important to remember that it is at this stage where Timothy’s most important relationship is with the Garcias, his basic family. This may demand that Patricia and Michael make readjustments on their work schedules which will help them be present during Timothy’s development.

Planning and time scale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planning and time scale - Essay Example managing the main risks as well as measuring the VOICE project performance and finally providing appropriate project management period on how the implementation and service support for providing VOICE services to VOs. Time is everything for this particular project. In that regard, here below is a presentation of how the project management is to be done which includes the timescales (Kerzner, 2013: 97). It is important to note here that though the project is supposed to be group work, each member of the group is mandated to play a specific role and hence the planning here below refers to each member and hence the group. The group leader calls for a meeting to do evaluations of the impact of the approach chosen on how compatible is the software to ISO 25000 SQuaRE Standards. This is done by every member where software product quality is thoroughly analyzed by each member and findings presented by each member in the group. The group then checks on all the findings presented by each member Each member is allocated one service process that is affected by the VOICE project whereby he is required to outline every key activity that is required to execute that very service process within the organization. Cost benefit analysis begins and this is collaboratively done by each member of the group. This involves analysis of whether the change of the software is adding value to the company. For thoroughness, each member is given a specific area which he analyses thoroughly then gives then gives the findings to the group who then does fine analysis. The group leader leads the group into identifying and assessing all emerging issues which include all legal matters and any technical risks involved in the change. The group lays down mitigation ways. Once the issues have been identified, the work is shared among each

Achieve Your Dream Letter Essay Example for Free

Achieve Your Dream Letter Essay I am an ordinary teenager named Melanie Ngai. I study at Kiangsu Chekiang College International Section. I live with my parents and brother, sometimes my grandfather in Mid Levels. I’ve known some of my friends from primary, which is a long time. I live in Hong Kong. I have gone to Kiangsu Chekiang International Section and Kiangsu Chekiang College International Section since Kindergarden and now I am in grade 11. I have a Canadian passport. I like spending my time playing tennis, football, and basketball with my family and friends. I also like listening to music and playing electric guitar, I started playing guitar during January of 2011, I find it really fun. I also enjoy taking photographs of anything I can find, watching television and also hanging out with my friends. I like watching Modern Family, F.R.I.E.N.D.S , How I Met Your Mother, NCIS, CSI, Big Bang Theory, Malcolm In The Middle and many more. I also like watching baseball, football, basketball and ice hockey. For my future, I would like to become a computer program developer or a professional photographer. I find it amazing on how computer games and programs are developed because it is a really long process which takes a huge amount of time and effort. I also hope to become an awesome guitarist because I want to create my own music and form a band in my spare time. As a young girl, my dreams have always been to be happy, successful, and to make the best out of life at the same time. I will attend university and classes to become a computer program developer , get married, and then start a family. To be well prepared for university, I have to excel in middle and high school. In everything I do, whether its a career or motherhood, I will strive to be the best I can. My academic goal for university is not only to get good grades, but to learn and gain experiences that will prepare me for the future. My other dream is to bungee jump, I would want to have the experience of bungee jumping since I am a daredevil and would like to try bungee jumping. I hope that this comes true.

Comparing the Living Dead in Great Gatsby, In Our Time and The Sun Also

The Living Dead in Great Gatsby, In Our Time and The Sun Also Rises            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Life without consequence; is this possible?   This was the main goal of the men and women existing after WW1.   During this era of great prosperity and moral backlash the young adults of the world took to the bars and dance halls of Europe or the extravagant parties of the American east coast looking for happiness.  Ã‚   Their lives are chronicled in the stories that came from the emerging great authors of that time period.   The most notorious of these books is F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby where the exploits of the rich are articulated with great description and lavishness that complimented their somewhat insane lives well.   There is another author whose stories open a window into that generation as well, Ernest Hemmingway.   In Hemmingway's books In Our Time and The Sun Also Rises we see the plights of this generation played out in a very serious way that leaves the reader with a heavy feeling of discomfort with the illogical and empty way the characters attempt to subsist.   Both authors and all three novels point to one conclusion, that if your goal is to live without suffering consequences of your actions you will in fact not live but suffer in an unfulfilling existence.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the tale of The Great Gatsby the reader is treated to a vivid description of Gatsby's parties and his prolific residence.   It would appear that Gatsby had everything a person could want.   Loads of money and friends and surrounded by the finer things of life.   However, the book takes a turn towards its e... ...this growth leads to personal happiness and satisfaction.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall one gets a sincere feeling of loss and lacking in these three novels.   Perhaps it is by paying attention to the warning that is embedded in these commentaries that the authors achieve their true goal in guiding their readers to a higher understanding of life.  Ã‚   Both authors are quite thorough in presenting their viewpoints on life.   There are also other conclusions and lessons that can be drawn from these novels.   Many people feel that they are commentaries on the wrath that war has on the young, or the tumultuous times of a new century.   However, it is the false ideal that life can be lived by negating responsibility for actions that prevails and burns a sense of virility into the readers of these three important novels. Comparing the Living Dead in Great Gatsby, In Our Time and The Sun Also The Living Dead in Great Gatsby, In Our Time and The Sun Also Rises            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Life without consequence; is this possible?   This was the main goal of the men and women existing after WW1.   During this era of great prosperity and moral backlash the young adults of the world took to the bars and dance halls of Europe or the extravagant parties of the American east coast looking for happiness.  Ã‚   Their lives are chronicled in the stories that came from the emerging great authors of that time period.   The most notorious of these books is F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby where the exploits of the rich are articulated with great description and lavishness that complimented their somewhat insane lives well.   There is another author whose stories open a window into that generation as well, Ernest Hemmingway.   In Hemmingway's books In Our Time and The Sun Also Rises we see the plights of this generation played out in a very serious way that leaves the reader with a heavy feeling of discomfort with the illogical and empty way the characters attempt to subsist.   Both authors and all three novels point to one conclusion, that if your goal is to live without suffering consequences of your actions you will in fact not live but suffer in an unfulfilling existence.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the tale of The Great Gatsby the reader is treated to a vivid description of Gatsby's parties and his prolific residence.   It would appear that Gatsby had everything a person could want.   Loads of money and friends and surrounded by the finer things of life.   However, the book takes a turn towards its e... ...this growth leads to personal happiness and satisfaction.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall one gets a sincere feeling of loss and lacking in these three novels.   Perhaps it is by paying attention to the warning that is embedded in these commentaries that the authors achieve their true goal in guiding their readers to a higher understanding of life.  Ã‚   Both authors are quite thorough in presenting their viewpoints on life.   There are also other conclusions and lessons that can be drawn from these novels.   Many people feel that they are commentaries on the wrath that war has on the young, or the tumultuous times of a new century.   However, it is the false ideal that life can be lived by negating responsibility for actions that prevails and burns a sense of virility into the readers of these three important novels.

The Responsibilities of an Ideal Student

The purpose of education is to produce ideal persons to face the responsibilities of the future. This aim can be achieved only when the students are sincere and they acquire the education in the real sense. Just copying a few questions and passing the examinationis not an education. A student can never be educated until and unless he does not put his heart and should to the cause of education. A student is a person, who devotes himself to the pursuits of knowledge and learning. It is therefore, the first and foremost duty of aj ideal student to seek knowledge.The pursuit of knowledge demands hard work and full devotion. Unfortunately, the students do not realize their duties. They have confined the education. Their greatest purpose is to get good grade in the examination by hook or by crook. They adopt all the foul means to get through the examinations. The ideal student enriches himself with knowledge. In practical life only those students come out with best colours, who had acquire knowledge. An ideal student enjoys learning. He goes deep and deep in search of the knowledge.He is not a bookworm. He knows that a healthy body is necessary for healthy mind. He takes interest in all the activities that promote his physical health. He goes to the play ground with the same pleasure and enthusiasm with which he studies in the library. An ideal student is not unsocial. He loves his fellow students and takes part in all the collective activities. The ideal student respects and honours his teachers. He knows the place of teachers, who are opening the gate of glories for him. He is humble and obedient.The more he learns from his teachers, the more grateful he is to them. The more knowledge he gets, the more humble he becomes. An ideal student is not a frog in a well but a person with greater visions and ideals. He is regular and punctual. He does not participate in adverse and negative activities. He confines himself to his studies and task. He does not waste his time i n useless deeds. He does not keep association with such elements whose purpose is to damage the cause of education. He believes in simple and plain living. He is kind and generous.The responsibility of a studentat school is very important. If something where to happen to him/her the person’s life at school could be majorly affected. There is a way though to help; the person can work at getting good grades, studying hard, and facing the consequences of his action. Some people say that their responsibility at school isn’t to be worried about, but it is, and here are few ways to help. First, is getting good grades. If students don’t have good grades, or the responsibility to get them, they can be in a lot of trouble.The student could be held back, have to take a summer school, or work much harder to get her grades up. If a student is held back it could really affect him from not getting into the college of choice, or even a choice sport. Next, is a student needs to study hard. If a student doesn’t have the responsibility to study this it could easily affect something major such as a test or quiz score and get the person in a predicament. The consequences would be just as bad as not getting good grades and maybe even worse! Finally, is facing the consequences of a student’s action.When something does happen, such as not getting a good grade, or being held back, then a student should face it or something worse could happen. For example if you fail a test you could retake it and try to do better. This could fix your grade problem and help you in a major way. These are the reasons students need responsibility at school: to get good grades, study hard, and have them face the consequences of their actions. If students did these things they would get a better education. It is estimated that nearly 15% of the total population of Pakistan consists of students.The students, therefore, constitute a great potential force capable of leading a nation to great heights of progress or abyss of decadence. No wonder every nation spends crores of rupees for their education and proper development. The future of every nation depends on their students. The primary duty of a student is to learn and acquire knowledge. Their main duty consists of improving their intellect and widening their mental capabilities. Unfortunately, many students forget this goal and spend their school days uselessly enjoying and idling away their time.Only later they realise the result of their folly. But then it is too late. School is the platform wherein students learn the good traits of life such as, discipline, obedience, dutifulness, diligence, respect to elders, honesty, patriotism, etc. School provides numerous opportunities for the development of these qualities. It is the duty of every student to acquire these fine qualities of life which will enable him/ her to stand in good stead in the future. Another important duty of the students is to prep are them for the career they want to pursue. It is in school life that the future career takes roots.During school life, one becomes aware of one’s abilities, limitations and the different professions available. Therefore, during this stage they should make up their mind as to what they should become in life. School life is the right time to make proper choice of one’s career. Students are the guardians of society. It is their duty to fight against all evils existing in the society. They have tremendous responsibility to see that injustice, inequality, oppression, exploitation, corruption, criminalisation of politics, communalism, casteism, misuse of public money, etc. , are done away with.Students have great strength to oppose these evils of society. Students also have a great responsibility to help out the less fortunate members of the society by way of social work. They can offer great services by teaching illiterate children of nearby villages, building houses for the poor people of the locality, undertaking cleaning drives, creating public awareness on various social issues, etc. Students can also render valuable services to the nation at the time of calamities such as, earthquakes, floods, severe drought and accidents. Students ought to take leadership in organising quick rescue work.In fact, student organisations such as, N. C. C. and scout troopshave rendered praiseworthy services to the nations at the time of national emergencies in the past and I am sure they will continue to do so in the years to come. Thus, students can render valuable services to the cause of the nation. They can play a vital role in wiping out the various ills which throttle national progress and development and thereby set the nation on its rail. They are the true assets of a nation. It all depends on how we trim and tune these God-given resources to the benefit of the nation.

Import Substitution vs. Export Promotion

Import Substitution vs. Export Promotion Econ 240 Term Paper Group (19) Members: Amjad Hussain (13020031) Awais Javed (13020529) Fahd Mukaddam (13020407) Haider Shah (13020528) Hassan Jamil (13020023) Muhammad Bilal Ayub (13020413) Words (using page 2): 371*7 = 2597 IS vs. EP 2 How do the strategies of international trade affect growth? Why at times countries adopted different strategies of international trade? How does Import Substitution Industrialization weigh against Export Promotion as a trade strategy?How does the empirical evidence help us understand this? Trade strategies are classified into two broad strategies, outward-looking development policies and inward-looking development policies. Outward-looking development policies encourage free trade and free movement of the factors of production. While inward-oriented development policies encourage greater self-reliance and restricted trade. Within these two broad approaches lies the debate between Import Substitution (protectio nism) and Export Promotion (free trade).Import substitution (IS) is a well tested way to industrialization which has been followed by most of the currently developed and industrialized countries. Alexander Hamilton’s â€Å"Report on Manufactures† (1791) argued in favor of tariffs to protect American manufacturers from inexpensive imports from Britain. In the mid 19th century, Germany, Russia and Japan also practiced protectionism to develop their domestic industries. After the great depression of 1930’s, LDCs particularly Latin American and some Asian economies started practicing ISI and in 1960’s IS became a dominant strategy for development.However in the next decade, when industries protected through import substitution failed to achieve targeted productive and allocative efficiencies, countries switched to export promotion strategies. Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore were among the first to adopt the export promotion strategy. Later, Chile , Thailand and Turkey also joined in. Over the years, the stance of countries has shifted from protectionism to free trade and globalization. So we will begin our paper by analyzing the arguments in favor and against ISI policies.Then we will discuss the benefits and drawbacks faced by the countries that switched to the export promotion strategy. The paper also explains the reasons for this transition. Finally, it concludes by giving empirical evidence of the real world regarding the effects of these strategies. It has always been in the vested interest of the economies to protect country’s large and strategic markets from foreign competition so that the local industry not only becomes self sufficient but also is in a position to induce industrialization led economic growth.In order to accomplish such goals, trends have shown (as mentioned above) countries’ increased dependence on Import IS vs. EP 3 substitution policies. Government plays a vital role in the implementa tion of these policies by imposing tariffs and quotas or altering the exchange rate and interest rate, using macroeconomic policies, to shield its local industries from the competitive foreign producers. Simultaneously, the foreign direct investments (FDIs) are expected to fill the gaps in technology and technical skills between the domestic and foreign industry.The introduction of IS policy can be attributed to the Infant Industry Argument (Import Substitution In General Equilibrium can be used to demonstrate that how the IS works in infant industry) 1, which favors the protection of domestic industry from international competition. The aim is to remove distortions between the out-dated locally produced goods and the industrialized high quality imports of similar products. Policies which governments adopt includes introduction of tariffs 2; discouraging cheaper import and at the same time encouraging production of the same goods domestically.Mostly consumer goods are produced under this strategy which ensures that the country is capable of meeting its basic necessities. Moreover, these types of goods require considerably less advanced technology, making the policy easier to adopt. Aristotle has said â€Å"What we have to learn to do, we learn by doing†; import protection is the best way to initiate this learning process because the economy is now producing goods that it previously imported – a process of development and learning by doing sets up. The economy can then move towards higher efficiency.This eventually improves the balance of payments as fewer consumer goods are now imported. It is essential that the learning process is followed by accumulation of capital. This requires the manipulation in Interest rates so as to encourage savings, and these savings can then be invested back in the protected industry. There are some macroeconomic gains associated with this policy, including reduced unemployment and increased tax revenue for the govern ment; increased local production is expected to generate job opportunities and at the same time, tariff on imports become a source of income for the government. See Appendix 1. 4. 1 & 1. 4. 2 See Appendix 1. 2 2 IS vs. EP 4 However, the IS policies have been criticized by economists for various reasons. According to them, the protection provided to the industries makes the industries inefficient because the firms start to rely on the provision of subsidies. They have no incentive to cut down costs to achieve minimum efficient scale of production and to increase productivity. Bhagwati in â€Å"Import substitution – a survey of policy issues† said that, â€Å"†¦such sheltered monopoly positions in import substituting industries are the prime cause of low productivity†.Also, the government protection to infant industries is for a limited time period, in which most industries that lurk behind the wall of tariffs never grow up. In import substitution, main focus is on the consumer goods, and therefore the prospects of economic growth are relatively short-lived. For countries to achieve long term economic growth, structural shifts are required towards the production of capital-intensive goods.However according to Jaleel Ahmad, the protection requires normally zero or low tariff on import of capital goods, hence discouraging development of forward linkages – manufacturing of the capital goods by local industries. Also for Import Substitution to be successful, according to Hirschman, forward and backward linkages need to be well-developed for the industries. This shows that for a country to have a manufacturing sector free from international dependence, it will need to develop other industries in consumer durables, non-durables, intermediate and capital goods.Another argument against ISI strategies is that it leads to the worsening of Balance Of Payments (BOP) due to the overvaluation of exchange rate, causing the prices of exports to rise but at the same time lowering the prices of imports. As a consequence, producers of exportable goods become less competitive in world market, causing a negative impact on the BOP. Keeping in mind the undesirable impacts of IS policies, economists felt the need to revise the trade strategies.Trade theorists therefore attempted to elucidate as to why nations engage in international trade, what combination of goods and services they trade, and how firms and consumers gain or lose from trade. It was observed that numerous international trade models rely primarily on the theory of Comparative Advantage (Appendix 1. 1), which describes trade patterns under assumptions of static conditions that hold the factors of production in fixed supply (Perkins). Theory of comparative advantage principally asserts that every country irrespective of its size can benefit from trade. Trade driven through exports of goods in which the country has aIS vs. EP 5 comparative advantage, benefits the count ry the most. Therefore an export promotion trade strategy involving goods that require raw material, that are abundant in supply, will allow a country to grow more rapidly as stated by the Hecksher-Ohlin model. Proponents of EP mainly argue that free trade utilizes previously unused resources such as land and labor, creates a vent for surplus of unused resources and allows a country to operate on its Production Possibility Frontier (PPF). In contrast, before the opening up of the economy, the market is constrained to the domestic consumers only.Once a country engages in free trade it acquires the opportunity to earn a global market share, thus earning higher revenues. As the market of local industries expands, demand for labor increases which raises the employment level in the country. This increase in exports stimulates domestic investment (an injection in the circular flow of the income of the country) which gives a multiplied effect on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the econ omy. Furthermore, the enhanced exports will lead to a greater demand of domestic currency in the exchange market leading to currency’s appreciation (given the floating exchange rate mechanism).According to the Marshall Lerner condition, which states that the sum of price IS vs. EP 6 elasticity of demand of exports and imports is lesser than 1 in short run, a currency appreciation will lead to an increase in the Balance Of Trade (BOT). 3 This relationship of BOT and time is shown through J-curve. An additional argument presented by the trade optimists states that the foreign exchange earned by selling different goods and services will relax the constraints of availability of financial capital or in other words, will fill the foreign exchange gap.This also helps in relieving the pressure on foreign exchange reserves built by the import of heavy machinery and capital goods. A further extension of export promotion policy is the process of export development. It involves innovatio n (of new export products) and penetration into new markets. Learning process is instituted and hence increased productivity is observed. This initiates a process of transfer of technology and foreign investment from developed countries, helping the industry to become efficient and gain the economies of scale through mass production – lowering costs and increasing profits.The increased profits of the industry promote higher savings and as the Harrod-Domar Model suggests, an increase in savings will lead to an increase in the growth rate of the economy. The Export promotion strategy is not free of criticisms as one might expect. The leading criticism of opponents of export promotion strategy is the sluggish growth in the demand of the primary goods. As developing country relies mainly on the export of primary goods, the sluggish growth enhances the volatility in the earnings of the economy. The Prebisch Singer Hypothesis explains this phenomenon in terms of income elasticity a nd price elasticity of demand.The thesis postulates that the price elasticity and income elasticity of primary goods are both inelastic i. e. less than 1. As the national income of the developed countries increases, the demand for the primary goods does not increase proportionately. This is also stated by Engel’s Law. A decrease in the prices of the exports will not lead the quantity traded to increase by the same percentage, thus resulting in fall of the exports revenue. This fall in exports revenue leads to a deterioration of Terms of Trade (TOT) of the country.Other factors that explain the slow growth in primary goods exports include the development of synthetic substitutes and protectionist measures taken 3 See Appendix 1. 3 IS vs. EP 7 by the developed countries. The population growth of developed countries being at replacement level translates into a stagnant demand for primary exports. Empirical evidence shows that heavy reliance on the export of the primary product m ay actually result in a phenomenon known as the Dutch disease; a country rich in natural resources actually suffers from slower growth as a result of that rich endowment.This is one of the often repeated facts of history when criticizing the strategy of export promotion. It was mentioned earlier that an appreciation in a country’s currency will lead to an increase in BOT, but this will only remain true for the short run. In long-run the sum of elasticity of demands of exports and imports becomes greater than 1 which consequently causes a fall in the net exports. Therefore the aforementioned argument is valid in the short-run only as in long-run it balances out its own effect on BOT 4 as shown below with the aid of diagram.In addition to the criticism mentioned earlier, Export Promotion strategy may lead to higher budget deficit. It is a usual practice of the governments to subsidize the exporting industries. These subsidies will be financed either by an increase in taxes or b y reducing the expenditure on public and merit goods such as health, education, infrastructure, national defense and other social services. Due to this practice, the development side of the country is often sidelined or overlooked.Example of China can be the best evidence for our claims about Export Promotion here. China was a closed economy until the 1970s. Nicholas R. Lardy in his article, Trade liberalization and 4 See Appendix 1. 3 IS vs. EP 8 its role in Chinese economic growth, states that around 1970s, China’s export goods had no comparative advantage and at the same time, high level of control on imports was also imposed. Hence quoting from the article, â€Å"China’s share of world trade dropped markedly, from 1. 5 percent in 1953 to only 0. 6 percent in 1977†.However, during the 1980s the process of trade liberalization began and by the time china entered WTO in 2001, her structure of trade policy was completely changed. China fully realized the signifi cance of the comparative advantage principle and concentrated on export of goods that were labor intensive in production, as the article states that â€Å"China’s fastest growing exports have been labor-intensive manufacturers— textiles, apparel, footwear, and toys. Between 1980 and 1998, export of these items rose more than ten-folds, from $4. 3 billion to $53. 5 billion†.Due to the trade liberalization, China experienced high rates of economic growth. Empirical evidence strongly suggests that pragmatism and eclecticism rules over any other single purpose approaches to trade. Thinking just in terms of an all out import substitution or an export promotion strategy can pose as an impediment to one’s clear understanding of the relationship between these strategies and growth. In future it would be better to avoid labels and to construct strategies from the components of either of these trade policies that seemed to have worked.Import substitution with its d ivorce of production decisions from market conditions seems to have lost its modern day relevance. In contrast, export promotion with its orientation towards world markets appears to be in line with the new phenomenon that is globalization. No single optimal prescription in terms of trade policy can be devised for the countries at large due to the dynamism of international trade. No strategy can be concluded as the best strategy for a country but what can be said is its relevance to a country at a point in time.Although empirical evidence shows that export promotion has helped countries like China to grow rapidly and improve its trade positions but we can also find other countries which developed after adopting import substitution policies like Latin American countries. This suggests that country have to adopt a trade strategy which is most compatible for their country at that time so that they can achieve maximum gains from trade. IS vs. EP 9 Appendix 1. 1 Comparative Advantage The ory: The concept of comparative advantage, attributed to David Ricardo, refers to the ability of a country to produce at a lower opportunity cost.It is the ability to produce the most efficient product as compared to other countries. It is best explained by a two-good, two country framework where countries differ in particular factor productivity or factor endowments. This theory explains that it is welfare enhancing for both countries to specialize in one good and import the other. The conclusion drawn from this theory is that each country gain by specializing in the good where it has comparative advantage and trading that good for other. 1. 2 Trade protectionism and Tariffs:Government impose trade restrictions in form of tariff in which it collects tax on goods imported by the people, thus discouraging the people to import goods and encouraging the local industries to produce good quality substitute goods. Introduction of tariff increases the world price, which reduces the amount of imports and increases the amount of locally consumed products. IS vs. EP 10 1. 3 Inverted J-curve for revaluation of currency: The inverted J-curve refers to the trend of a country’s trade balance following a revaluation or appreciation of the currency.A revalued currency means that exports are more expensive for the foreign countries, but as in the short run demand for the more expensive exports remain price inelastic so the quantity demanded for exports remains same although foreigners are paying higher prices. This leads to the improvement of balance of trade. Over the long term, as the foreign consumers are able to switch to the other goods, the quantity demanded for exports becomes price elastic so reduction in the export volume and hence export revenues.This leads to the deterioration of balance of trade and the gains in the short run are off-set by the losses in the long run. In case of devaluation of currency, there are opposite affects. IS vs. EP 11 1. 4 Infant In dustry Argument(ISI in general equilibrium) : IS vs. EP 12 From diagram 1. 4. 1 it can be seen that before the imposition of tariff the country was producing at point A while consuming C amount of goods under world terms of trade (favorable to its export).But after the imposition of tariff, production moves towards point B where more of the importable and less of exportable goods are being produced. Assuming that this does not affect the world prices, trade will take place at same TOT. So the new consumption is indicated by point E along the line BD (parallel to line representing world TOT). Initially, by practicing ISI polices, both consumers and trade welfare has fallen due to lower consumption and fewer imports and exports (BE

The Primary Socialization Phase Social Policy Essay Essays

The Primary Socialization Phase Social Policy Essay Essays The Primary Socialization Phase Social Policy Essay Paper The Primary Socialization Phase Social Policy Essay Paper Primary socialisation could be more of import than secondary socialisation as the primary socialisation stage is the basic measure that an single takes to come in into society. Socialization has been described as to render societal or do person able to populate in society and larn the societal norms and imposts. Socialization is cardinal to the operation of any society and is besides cardinal to the outgrowth of modernness. Socialization tends to function two major maps of fixing an person to play and develop functions, wonts, beliefs and values and arouse appropriate forms of emotional, societal and physical responses assisting to pass on contents of civilization and its continuity and continuity ( Chinoy, 1961 ) . However societal regulations and societal systems should be integrated with the person s ain societal experiences. However single societal experiences have become much less of import in the survey of socialisation as the focal point is now on placing maps of establishments and systems in socialisation and cultural alterations. Socialization is particularly true in household and instruction and has been seen in many household signifiers and differences in gender functions, in cultural diverseness and in occupational criterions. However it is of import to observe the relationship between moralss, norms, values, functions in socialisation. Socialization is the agencies through which societal and cultural continuity is attained nevertheless socialisation itself may non take to desirable effects although it is a procedure and meant to hold an impact on all facets of society and the person ( Chinoy, 1961 ) . Socialization provides partial account for the human status as besides the beliefs and behavior of society although the function of environment may besides be important in any procedure of socialisation ( Johnson, 1961 ) . Both socialisation and biological science could hold an impact on how people are shaped by the environment and their cistrons and behavioral results are besides significantly different as the capacity for larning alterations throughout a life-time. Socialization could hold many agents such as the household, friends and school, spiritual establishments and equal groups as besides the mass media and work topographic point co-workers. The household establishes basic attitudes whereas schools build moralss and values, spiritual establishments affect our belief systems and peer groups assist in sharing societal traits. Socialization is normally seen as a life procedure and a continued interaction will all agents of society in a mode that is most good to persons. Socialization could be primary which occurs in a kid as the kid learns attitudes, values, actions as members of peculiar societies and civilizations. If a kid experiences racist attitudes in the household, this could hold an consequence on the kid s attitudes towards minorities and other races. Primary socialisation is the first and basic measure towards interactions with the outside universe and the household is the first agent in primary socialisation as the household introduces a kid to the universe exterior, to its beliefs, imposts, norms and helps the kid in accommodating to the new environment ( Clausen, 1968 ) . Secondary socialisation happens when a kid moves out of household and larn how to act within a little community or societal group and adolescents or striplings are mostly influenced by secondary socialisation as they may come in a new school. Entering a new profession is besides secondary socialisation of grownups and whereas primary socialisation is more generalised, secondary socialisation is accommodating to specific environments. Primary socialisation happens early in life and is the first socialisation in kids and striplings when new attitudes and thoughts develop for societal interaction. Secondary socialisation refers to socialization that takes topographic point through one s life and can happen in kids every bit good as in older grownups as it means accommodating to new state of affairss and covering with new brushs ( White, 1977 ) . There are other types of socialisation such as developmental socialisation and prevenient socialisation. Developmental socialisation is about developing societal accomplishments and larning behavior within a societal establishment and prevenient socialisation is about understanding and foretelling future state of affairss and relationships and developing societal responses or accomplishments to these state of affairss. Re-socialization is another procedure of socialisation in which former behavioural forms are discarded to larn new values and norms. This could be a new gender function if there is a status of sex alteration. Socialization is a cardinal sociological construct and the elements of socialisation are by and large agreed upon as holding specific ends such as impulse control and cultivating new functions, cultivation of significance beginnings. Socialization is the procedure that helps in societal operation and is frequently considered as culturally comparative as people from different civilizations socialize otherwise ( White, 1977 ) . Since socialisation is an acceptance of civilization, the procedure of socialisation is different for every civilization. Socialization has been described as both a procedure and an result. It has been argued that the nucleus individuality of an person and the basic life beliefs and attitudes develop during primary socialisation and the more specific alterations through secondary socialisation occurs in different structured societal state of affairss. Life socialisation, particularly through societal state of affairss as in secondary socialisation, the demand fo r ulterior life state of affairss highlights the complexness of society and addition in varied functions and duties. However there could be several differences between primary and secondary socialisation as Mortimer and Simmons ( 1978 ) showed how these two types of socialisation differ. Content, context and response are the three ways in which the differences between primary and secondary socialisation could be explained. In childhood socialisation involves ordinance of biological thrusts and impulse control which is subsequently replaced by self image and values in adolescence. In adulthood socialisation is more about specific norms and behaviours and relates to work functions and personality traits development. Context or the environment in socialisation is besides of import as the individual who is socialized seeks to larn within the context of household and school or equal groups. Relationships are besides emotional and socialisation besides takes topographic point as an single takes the grownup function. Formal and informal relationships tend to differ harmonizing to situational context and in some instances contexts tend to impact the emotional nature of relationships. Equally far as reacting to state of affairss is concerned, kids and striplings could be more easy moulded than grownups as grownup socialisation is more voluntary and grownups could pull strings their ain responses well. Socialization involves contacts with multiple groups in different contexts and interactions at assorted degrees. Socialization is a societal procedure and in the procedure of socialisation, parents, friends, schools, co workers, household members tend to play a major function ( Chinoy, 1961 ) . However socialisation could hold its positive or negative impact as seen in wide and narrow socialisation procedure as in wide socialisation, individuality, and self look are of import whereas in instance of narrow socialisation conformance is more of import. This distinction was provided by Arnett ( 1995 ) who suggested that socialisation could ensue in both wide and narrow societal interaction procedure as wide socialisation helps in enlargement and narrow socialisation is more about conformance and harmonizing to Arnett, socialisation could be wide or narrow within the socialisation forces of friends, household, school, equal group, co workers etc. Socialization type could change across civilizations as in America for case there is an increased accent on individuality whereas in many Asiatic states as in India or Japan socialisation could be approximately conformance to religious or societal norms ( Arnett, 1995 ) . However primary socialisation could be more important than secondary socialisation as primary socialisation is about organizing a basic attitude towards people and society and this in bend helps in determining the individuality of persons as a kid. Primary socialisation is societal larning procedure in childhood whereas secondary socialisation is societal larning in maturity or societal acquisition added to already bing basic acquisition procedure so secondary socialisation is approximately added acquisition and in some instances substitute larning where alterations in the socialisation procedure takes topographic point due to new environments such as alteration of workplace or come ining new work environments or new schools ( Johnson, 1961 ) . Primary socialisation is more basic as in primary socialisation the kid learns the really first societal responses and develops the first societal beliefs and attitudes. Based on primary socialisation procedure, secondary socialisation is about utilizing the primary socially erudite responses to accommodate them to new environments through secondary socialisation. Since primary socialisation occurs in childhood and in the kid s immediate environment as through place or household, it is more important and has a greater impact on the kid s attitudes and beliefs every bit good as societal and emotional development. Primary socialisation could be said to hold a direct impact on the kid and shapes the hereafter of the kid and how he grows up with certain beliefs as in instance of kids who see racial hatred in the household is more prone to develop their ain hatred towards other races as a consequence of direct conditioning in the household environment. In fact the immature people in ulter ior old ages are particularly shaped by what they learnt and experienced in childhood and how they were conditioned to respond to state of affairss and people and therefore primary socialisation is of greater significance in later old ages than secondary socialisation ( Clausen, 1968 ) . Within this context, households and schools are of premier importance and are considered as the first agents that implement the procedures of societal control. Youth offense and anti societal behaviour could be explained with the assistance of direct primary socialisation as what the single learns at place is of major importance and shapes his ulterior life and could besides explicate any sort of aberrance ( Pitts, 2001 ) . Young people enter offense perchance through racial hatred or deficiency of societal inclusion and these attitudes such as against other races are formed in childhood or adolescence and the kid normally learns from the household members, school equals and direct societal environment ( Muncie, 2004 ) . Social inclusion is one of the major issues of socialisation as emphasized by the authorities as minority communities and persons from different races and faiths may experience excluded and this exclusion leads to a sense of defeat and offense among the young person of the excluded groups ( McAuley, 2007 ) . In order to get the better of this sense of exclusion, minority groups and particularly the immature people of minority groups have been given particular support through assorted societal services of inclusion and inclusion is besides portion of the socialisation procedure and could be considered every bit secondary as persons go through societal inclusion adaptative procedures and behaviour after they have been already brought up and undergone primary socialisation in their household places or schools that were non excessively contributing to inclusion. In fact the devising of responsible citizens include adaptative procedures at place, household and school, work or general community and the immature people develop cognition of civilizations at place and in the community and besides back their ain subcultures of societal attitudes and behaviour that are influenced by primary instead than secondary socialisation ( Hall and Jefferson, 1976 ) . Sing that primary socialisation and what we learn from the immediate environment in childhood is more of import than secondary socialisation and what we learn at the workplace or in new environments, primary socialisation still remains the basic socialisation procedure and secondary socialisation merely implies a alteration or an add-on to what has been already learnt in childhood. Bibliography Arnett, Jeffrey J. 1995. Broad and Narrow Socialization: The Family in the Context of a Cultural Theory. Journal of Marriage and the Family 57 ( 3 ) :617-28. Buckingham, D. The devising of citizens. Young people, intelligence and political relations. London: Routledge. Byrne, D ( 2001 ) Understanding the Urban, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan Chinoy, Ely ( 1961 ) Society: An Introduction to Sociology, New York: Random House. Clausen, John A. ( ed. ) ( 1968 ) Socialization and Society, Boston: Small Brown and Company Fyfe, N ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1998 ) Images of the Street: Representation, Experience and Control in Public Space, London: Routledge Foucault, M. ( 1977 ) Discipline and Punish London: Penguin Hall, S. and Jefferson, T. ( 1976 ) Resistance through rites, young person subcultures in post-war Britain. . Johnson, Harry M. ( 1961 ) Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. McAuley, R ( 2007 ) Out of Sight: Crime, Youth and Social Exclusion in modern Britain, Cullompton: Willan McLaughlin, E ; J Muncie A ; G Hughes ( explosive detection systems ) 2003 ) Criminological Positions: Essential Readings, London: Sage ( 2nd Edition ) Mortimer, Jeylan T. and Roberta G. Simmons. 1978. Adult Socialization. Annual Review of Sociology 4:421-54. Muncie J ( 2004 ) Young person and Crime, London: Sage ( 2nd Edition ) Pitts, J ( 2001 ) The New Politics of Youth Crime, London: Palgrave Macmillan. White, Graham ( 1977 ) Socialization, London: Longman

Identifying Post-Marital Residence Archaeologically

Identifying Post-Marital Residence Archaeologically A significant piece of kinship studies in anthropology and archaeology both is post-marital residence patterns, the rules within a society that determine where a child of a group resides after they get married. In pre-industrial communities, people generally live(d) in family compounds. Residence rules are essential organizing principles for a group, allowing families to build a labor force, share resources, and plan out rules for exogamy (who can marry who) and inheritance (how the shared resources are split among the survivors). Identifying Post-Marital Residence Archaeologically Beginning in the 1960s, archaeologists began attempting to identify patterns which might suggest post-marital residence at archaeological sites. The first attempts, pioneered by James Deetz, William Longacre and James Hill among others, were with ceramics, particularly decoration and style of pottery. In a patrilocal residence situation, the theory went, female pottery makers would bring in styles from their home clans and the resulting artifact assemblages would reflect that. That didnt work very well, in part because contexts where potsherds are found (middens) are rarely clear cut enough to indicate where the household was and who was responsible for the pot. See Dumond 1977 for a (fairly dyspeptic and so fairly typical for its era) discussion. DNA, isotope studies, and biological affinities have also been used with some success: the theory is that these physical differences would clearly identify the people who are outsiders to the community. The problem with that class of investigation is it is not always clear that where people are buried necessarily reflects where people lived. Examples of the methodologies are found in Bolnick and Smith (for DNA), Harle (for affinities) and Kusaka and colleagues (for isotope analyses). What seems to be a fruitful methodology of identifying post-marital residence patterns is using community and settlement patterns, as described by Ensor (2013). Post-Marital Residence and Settlement In his 2013 book The Archaeology of Kinship, Ensor lays out the physical expectations for settlement patterning in different post-marital residence behaviors. When recognized in the archaeological record, these on-the-ground, datable patterns provide insight into the societal makeup of the residents. Since archaeological sites are by definition diachronic resources (that is, they span decades or centuries and so contain evidence of change over time), they can also illuminate how residence patterns change as the community expands or contracts. There are three main forms of PMR: neolocal, unilocal and multi-local residences. Neolocal can be considered the pioneer stage, when a group consisting of parent(s) and child(ren) move away from existing family compounds to start new. Architecture associated with such a family structure is an isolated conjugal house which is not aggregated or formally situated with other dwellings. According to cross-cultural ethnographic studies, conjugal houses typically measure less that 43 square meters (462 square feet) in floor plan. Unilocal Residence Patterns Patrilocal residence is when the boys of the family stay in the family compound when they marry, bringing in spouses from elsewhere. Resources are owned by the men of the family, and, although the spouses reside with the family, they are still part of the clans where they were born. Ethnographic studies suggest that in these cases, new conjugal residences (whether rooms or houses) are constructed for the new families, and eventually a plaza is required for meeting places. A patrilocal residence pattern thus includes a number of conjugal residences scattered around a central plaza. Matrilocal residence is when the girls of the family stay in the family compound when they marry, bringing in spouses from elsewhere. Resources are owned by the women of the family and, although the spouses can reside with the family, they are still part of the clans where they were born. In this type of residence pattern, according to cross-cultural ethnographic studies, typically sisters or related women and their families live together, sharing domiciles which average 80 sq m (861 sq ft) or more. Meeting palces such as plazas are not necessary, because the families reside together. Cognatic Groups Ambilocal residence is a unilocal residence pattern when each couple decides which family clan to join. Bilocal residence patterns is a multi-local pattern in which each partner stays in their own family residence. Both of these have the same complex structure: both have plazas and small conjugal house groups and both have multifamily dwellings, so they cannot be distinguished archaeologically. Summary Residence rules define who is us: who can be relied on in emergencies, who is required to work on the farm, who we can marry, where we need to live and how our family decisions are made. Some argument can be made for residential rules driving the creation of ancestor worship and unequal status: who is us must have a founder (mythical or real) to identify, people who are related to a particular founder might be of a higher rank than others. By making the main sources of family income from outside of the family, the industrial revolution made post-marital residence no longer necessary or, in most cases today, even possible. Most likely, as with everything else in archaeology, post-marital residence patterns will be best identified using a variety of methods. Tracing the settlement pattern change of a community, and comparing physical data from cemeteries and changes in artifact styles from midden contexts will help approach the problem and clarify, as much as possible, this interesting and necessary societal organization. Sources Bolnick DA, and Smith DG. 2007. Migration and Social Structure among the Hopewell: Evidence from Ancient DNA. American Antiquity 72(4):627-644. Dumond DE. 1977. Science in Archaeology: The Saints Go Marching In. American Antiquity 42(3):330-349. Ensor BE. 2011. Kinship Theory in Archaeology: From Critiques to the Study of Transformations. American Antiquity 76(2):203-228. Ensor BE. 2013. The Archaeology of Kinship. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 306 p. Harle MS. 2010. Biological Affinities and the Construction of Cultural Identity for the Proposed Coosa Chiefdom. Knoxville: University of Tennessee. Hubbe M, Neves WA, Oliveira ECd, and Strauss A. 2009. Postmarital residence practice in southern Brazilian coastal groups: continuity and change.  Latin American Antiquity 20(2):267-278. Kusaka S, Nakano T, Morita W, and Nakatsukasa M. 2012. Strontium isotope analysis to reveal migration in relation to climate change and ritual tooth ablation of Jomon skeletal remains from western Japan. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(4):551-563. Tomczak PD, and Powell JF. 2003. Postmarital Residence Patterns in the Windover Population: Sex-Based Dental Variation as an Indicator of Patrilocality. American Antiquity 68(1):93-108.