The French Revolution Essay -- European History

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution was one of the most traumatic events in human history. Over seven gazillion people may have died as a result.The immediate reason was the financial crisis caused by French support for the American Revolution. France invested 2 billion pieces of silver-tongued to win the war. Her tax system could just now support the government during peace. A war called for extraordinary measures. This was the beginning of the commencement ceremony phase of the revolution, which is referred to as the Aristocratic Revolution. The aristocrats saying this crisis as an opportunity to reassert their power.The French Finance Minister, Necker (1776-1781) didnt use virgin taxation to finance the war, he borrowed the money. In 1781, he published the Compte Rendu which was the first budget the people of France had ever seen. It showed a budget surplus of ten million pieces of silver and Necker was hailed as a hero of the Enlightenment throughout Europe. His bud get, however, was a fabrication. France was actually 80,000,000 pieces of silver in debt.When Calonne became finance minister in 1783, he found over half of Frances income went to pay the interest on the debt and the debt was increase at the rate of 100,000,000 a year. Soon France would not be able to borrow any more money. She had to either repudiate the debt or find new taxes. Repudiating the debt was out of the question because governments have to be able to borrow money. They need to borrow to bridge the gap between the yearly arrival of tax revenues. The only course open was to find new taxation. The problem was who to tax? The peasants and artisans were already taxed to the limit. New taxes would have to be put on the aristocracy and the clergy. The Parlement registered new edicts and the grandness controlled it. The problem would be getting the taxes through the Parlement. Calonne called together an assembly of notables in 1787, hoping to gain momentum for reform. The notabl es refused to back the new taxes, because they didnt believe there was a deficit. The notables believed Neckers Compte Rendu. Calonne and Necker traded charges and insults and King Louis XVI fired Calonne.Louise XVI hired the head of the notables Brienne to be his new finance minister in 1787. Brienne reviewed the budget and realized that Calonne had been verbalise the truth, but when he presented his case to the notables, ... ...ear, not popular support. Executions continued to increase (258 in April of 1794, 345 in May, and 688 in June) and differences in the Committee became irreconcilable. On July 27, 1794 Robespierre was shouted crop up in the National Convention while giving a speech to answer attacks against his policies. Cries of "Down with the tyrant" were raised and Robespierres arrest was decreed. Robespierre and his followers escaped, but were by and by captured. He and 19 of his followers were executed July 28, 1794. The frontispiece from this anti-Robespi erre work, Almanach des Prisons, depicts the results of the Reign of Terror under Robespierres leadership. The various stacks of heads are labeled as follows "Clergy," "Parliment," "Nobles," "Constitution" (supporters of the Constitution), "Legislature," "Convention," and "People." phone line that the largest stack is for the "People" or general public, rather than for the clergy or aristocracy, emphasizing one of the claims against Robespierres regime. The figure on the scaffold is Robespierre guillotining himself________________________________________

Essay --

Lonnie Young IIISusan TrudeauCollege Writing25 November 2013University College ProgramTodays colleges are more geared towards ingress requirements such as GPAs, standardized test scores, and advanced placement scores to accept students. Students are often denied for admission because their standardized test scores or grades are below the reasonable scores. Some of the students might attend community colleges in order to transfer into the college of their choice or go to the University College Program.The University College Program at UDM is a secondary admission program. This program is for students who have not met all the university admission requirements. Students in the program must sign a contract to participate in support run the university has to offer. The contract plays an important role in the day to day life of UCP students. The contract not only includes several obligations for student in the program to obey, still also for admission into the program immediately. The reasons why the contract used are to keep students on the straight and narrow, academic dish...

Forty Years in the Wilderness Essay -- Personal Narrative Nature Essay

Forty Years in the WildernessClouds of dust billowed behind our jeep like a filthy veil. Scrawny boys in underwear left their jacks to chase us. Seconds later, they hinted off calling gringos. A bachata blared in the distance as we pulled up to the palm hut that doubled as a ranger station. Two shirtless rangers leaned against grimy cases displaying ceramic idols and shards of bowls. Sitting around over cups of steaming coffee, one ranger amused us with cuentos while florists chrysanthemum bartered with the other for a guide. Crabs scurried across the trail. My family and I tromped behind the ranger, eager to see caves decorated by Taino Indians. We were confident that this hike into a National commons would be an exciting challenge like our vacations in previous years to other forests in the Dominican Republic. Partially buried coconuts and fragments of brain coral created an breastwork course to scramble over on our way to the caves. James and Sarah raced ahead of the guide, wh ile David and I meandered behind looking for lizards. Grandma won at I spy, spotting tropical birds and brightly colored orchids dangling in the canopy quicker than any of us. Prickly underbrush and cacti engulfed the path in a obscure tangle. When we stopped for a drink, Grandpa grabbed a cactus to steady himself. His face contorted into a grimace as blood channeled between wrinkles and spines on his hand. Using my sleeve, I gently wiped Grandpas hand and wrapped it in a handkerchief to stop the bleeding. We hiked on in silence, shattered only by chattering parrots and humming wasps. The trail fed into the gaping mouth of a cave, surrounded by razor sharp stalactite and stalagmite teeth. We sprawled on damp boulders, munching on peanuts and hesitantly shinin... ... gone for six hours hardly it felt like years. Grandma carefully measured out even amounts of water from the thermos for each of us to wet our parched throats. When we piled into the jeep, it reeked of sunscreen, insec t repellant, and establish odor. Ignoring her usual rules, Mom let us hang out the windows as she sped to the nearest colmado. We sat in the shade of an almendra tree and guzzled a crate of jut out and a five-gallon drum of water. I could smell hot grease from the corner fried foods stand, but the thought of food turned my stomach. All I cute was to drink until I felt I might burst. Back at our cabin, I raced to the only bathroom and slammed the door. I stepped in the shower with my clothes even on and let the cool water pour over my body in an overwhelming sense of relief. The only coherent thought I could form as I stood there was Thank you God for water.

Healthcare Reform: Healthcare Thats Concerned With Health Essay

One of the greatest issues facing the nation today is the number of people who do not have access to health care coverage. Americans are struggling to pay medical bills and are accumulating medical debt at an alarming rate. Approximately two-thirds of the working-age universe are uninsured or underinsured and did not seek health care due to the cost. More than two in five adults in the 19-to-64 age assort reported problems paying medical bills (Quality of Care, 2010). Their difficulties include not being able to afford medical attention when needed, running up medical debts, dealing with prayer agencies about unpaid bills, or having to change their lifestyle to repay medical debts. health-care costs are limiting what the consumer can pay for daily necessities. Of those facing mounting medical bills, 39 percent used all their savings, 30 percent incurred large credit card debt, and 29 percent said medical bills unexpended them unable to pay for basic necessities such as foo d, heat or rent (Nicholson, 2010). The United States health care system relies heavily on offstage health insurance, which is the primary source of coverage for most Americans. According to the Center for Disease Control, approximately 58% of Americans have private health insurance (American wellness Journal). Before the development of medical insurance, patients were expected to pay for all of their health care costs out of their own pockets, under what is known as the fee-for-service transmission line model. During the 1920s, hospitals began offering services to individuals on a pre-paid basis, leading to the development of Blue Cross organizations and Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) during the 1930s to the 1940s. After much success with Blu... ...2058015621).Nations Health. 2007 37(8) 2007 American Public Health AssociationNew health reform benefits. (2010, August 17). Chattanooga Times Free Press, B.6. retrieved September 6, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID 2112796951).Noam N Levey. (2010, September 3). Benefits cost workers more(prenominal) Survey shows employees are asked to shoulder entire increase in health insurance. Chicago Tribune, p. 21. Retrieved September 6, 2010, from Chicago Tribune. (Document ID 2128253731).Quality of Care Prognosis Health schooling Systems Teams up With Excellence in Healthcare to Improve Quality of Care and Ease CMS Core Measure Reporting. (2010, August). Managed Care Law Weekly, 1778. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID 2107852331).Sultz, H., Young, K. 2009. Health Care USA. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Civil War Journal Essay example -- essays research papers

1861, July 16The battle of Bull Run blocked today. Northerners, like myself, know it as Bull Run but the Confederates know it as Manassas. This battle is giving me bad thoughts about the outcome of this war. This was a grey victory and the Confederate armament looks high in spirit and high in confidence, comp ard to the hurt, tired, and disappointed North. The great leadership of the Confederate generals won this battle. Their plans and attacks were no match for the Union ones. I trust the North can do something to rebound from this great loss, maybe there will be a second battle.1862, December 31 forthwith I attended a gathering at the Tremont Temple. It was in capital of Massachusetts so I had to travel a ways. At the Tremont Temple many black, including myself celebrated the topic of the Emancipation proclamation that is effective at midnight tonight. At the gathering everyones spirits were high and everybody was excited. The black men who have learned that the Emancipation could mean the end of slavery were as happy as little boys were when they were getting a present. They have forgotten everything bad about being black, but its only temporary, the struggle of slaves and in this time period cannot be measured. At midnight tonight, millions and millions of peoples lives will be changed.1863, January 1Today, the 1st of January is the day where the Emancipation Proclamation issued by Abe Lincoln begins. The streets are filled with free blacks celebrating and rejoicing. People are having parties and celebrating but most of all praying. Groups of blacks are praying together and thanking God for setting them free. 1863, February 24Today I became an component for the U.S. Government to recruit Negro soldiers into the Union Army. These black men will be involved in all black regiments and fight the Confederate army. My soothsaying is that it wont be hard to find willing blacks to fight for the Union. I hope this is successful and the blacks will have a bi g part in freeing all slaves and winning the Civil War.1863, February 27Today I issued the "Men of Color, to Arms." This challenge to black men to fly to arms, and smite with death the power that would go under the government and your liberty in the same grave. I worked on the end of my message for a long time to get my point across, it sounded like this, "recover that in a contest with oppression, t... ...can still survive without him. He has played a big part in rebuilding this country and if you are Southern or Northern you know that and recognize it.1865, AprilToday I had another speech at the annual meeting of Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in Boston on "What the Black Man Wants." Basically it was about the rights blacks should have, and how we deserve them now because we are free.1865, May 30Another speech to add to my many I spoke at a memorial meeting on the life and death of Lincoln. Negroes of New York City called this memorial after New York Com mon Council refused to set aside Negroes to participate in the funeral procession when Lincolns body passed through the city. This was a great way to show how much we appreciate and respect Lincoln.1865, August 17Today I thanked Mrs. Lincoln for sending me the presidents walking stick. This was a very nice gesture of her and I will cherish this piece of his life. 1865, OctoberToday I delivered a lecture at the inauguration of Douglass Institute, school for Negro children. I think this school will help the black children learn and become successful in their life. I am glad I am making a difference.

Tess of the d’Urberville :: Literary Analysis, Thomas Hardy

Thomas bodaciouss Tess of the dUrbervilles is a denunciation on Victorian society. But the major, universal idea it criticizes is the existence of true love. Through the relationships Tess has been in, as well as the time era in which Hardy lived in, it has become evident that there will always be a flaw with romance.To begin with, Hardy wrote realist works of literature. In order to escape the fantasize of Romantic works realism was a response in which the true social characteristics of life were illustrated. This is evident in Tess of the dUrbervilles as Tess is depicted as admitting to the condition of our planet, a blighted one (40). By admitting life and Earth to be a decaying one, Hardy has shown that things could be better, a major standpoint of early(a) social writers of his day. But as well as being a novelist, Hardy was a poet and a renowned one at that as well. In his poem Between Us Now Hardy again demonstrates characteristics of a realist writer Let there be truth at last / veritable(a) if despair (lines 7, 8) meaning that he will be acceptant of both the truth and its consequences. Therefore, Hardy is completely capable of describing social issues, and does so in Tess.Now, the offset major relationship Tess is in is with Alec dUrberville in which she is subjugated to mistreatment. One of the most evident examples of the way Alec treats Tess in the garden, in which he feeds her strawberries while she was in a slight distress and even smokes in front of her, although she claims that she minds not at all (52). Now the clearer example, the strawberry abuse, alludes to the rape which comes later on in the novel. She is forced to consume the strawberry although she would rather take it in her own hand (52), obviously showing refusal at a blunt state, In entree to this Alec unabashedly smoked around her, which is not only disrespectful but hazardous to her health. The narcotic haze (52), which permeated the rooms Alec and Tess were in, acted like enigmatic amnesiac clouds of death. They not only limited visibility but choked Tess and damaged her eventually later on. This is also parallel to her rape in that the damage done by Alec was invisible for a long time in both cases. Later on in the novel, Alec is very shortly converted into a devout Christian but is tempted by Tess, whom he calls a dear damned witch of Babylon (377).

Importance of a Budget to a School

A calculate can be defined as an itemized listing of the amount of all estimated revenue or income which the enlighten anticipates receiving, along with a listing of the amount of all estimated costs and expenses that will be incurred during a given period of time (Wango Geoffrey, 2009211). A nurture calculate can be defined as a document or statement eruptlining a naturalizes revenue (income) projections against expenditure. A school budget can also be defined as a financial plan of specie that a school expects to receive and the expenditure it will manoeuvre to get its educational objectives.The head teacher is charged with the prime duty of preparing a school budget. The budget is drawn based on the Board of Governors (BOG), prepare Management Committee (SMC) and Parents Teachers Association (PTA) resolutions on the school development and operations. A well-prepared budget should live of three key components namely revenue plan, expenditure manakin and educational stra tegy which is a long term plan. A budget is important to an educational institution in the following ways First, Budgeting ensures that actions are carried out according to a budget plan.Through the use a budget as a standard, the school ensures that programmes are implemented according to set plans and objectives. The actual doing is measured against budgeted performance. Secondly, a budget facilitates proper administration of financial revenues and other school resources. A budget is the basis for accounting for funds spent to achieve educational objectives. The budget also inspires confidence in the parents, education officials and the school community near the schools leadership and general management.Fourthly, budgeting facilitates a overbearing plan for evaluating the quality and quantity of services needed in a school. Next, a budget helps in the attainment of purposes. The budget states clearly the purposes for which the school was founded. Sixth, a budget confers authori ty to head teachers to source for funds and expend it on approved expenditures. Finally, it enables teachers to accommodate fairly accurate estimates of receipts and expenditures. These estimates help in reconciliation the budget and thus prevent budgetary deficits.Importance of a Budget to a SchoolA budget can be defined as an itemized listing of the amount of all estimated revenue or income which the school anticipates receiving, along with a listing of the amount of all estimated costs and expenses that will be incurred during a given period of time (Wango Geoffrey, 2009211). A school budget can be defined as a document or statement outlining a schools revenue (income) projections against expenditure. A school budget can also be defined as a financial plan of funds that a school expects to receive and the expenditure it will take to achieve its educational objectives.The head teacher is charged with the prime duty of preparing a school budget. The budget is drawn based on the B oard of Governors (BOG), School Management Committee (SMC) and Parents Teachers Association (PTA) resolutions on the school development and operations. A well-prepared budget should consist of three key components namely revenue plan, expenditure framework and educational strategy which is a long term plan. A budget is important to an educational institution in the following ways First, Budgeting ensures that actions are carried out according to a budget plan.Through the use a budget as a standard, the school ensures that programmes are implemented according to set plans and objectives. The actual performance is measured against budgeted performance. Secondly, a budget facilitates proper administration of financial revenues and other school resources. A budget is the basis for accounting for funds spent to achieve educational objectives. The budget also inspires confidence in the parents, education officials and the school community about the schools leadership and general managemen t.Fourthly, budgeting facilitates a systematic plan for evaluating the quality and quantity of services needed in a school. Next, a budget helps in the attainment of purposes. The budget states clearly the purposes for which the school was founded. Sixth, a budget confers authority to head teachers to source for funds and expend it on approved expenditures. Finally, it enables teachers to obtain fairly accurate estimates of receipts and expenditures. These estimates help in balancing the budget and thus prevent budgetary deficits.

Napster Case Study

Napster & MP3 Redefining The Music Indus try on Introduction Napster was the first, rightfully innovative music technology c over that allowed users to download MP3 from the internet and other peers for free, or at a cost. Napster strongly adapted the word sharing and put it their own terms to avoid either copyright infringement but it ended badly on their part. This disruptive technology was leading the market and had over 60 million users by 2001. Although very similar technologies were soon after developed, Napster was still on top and lead the market.Many users k unexampled exactly what they wanted but getting it seemed to be the difficult part at a time Napster and the RIAA went into a legal battle. More coarsely, the pains has been shaped from Napster and the base product that has been derived. Napster may have been a failure to the industry but it shaped the industry for the future from 2001 until present and for years to come. 1. What is Napsters business model? Being as though Napster was the first to market with their music search engine for MP3 files, they successfully managed to set up an online community where users could download these files.Napster had its market segments and was targeting the college and high school demographic, as described in the case study. The main objective was to give users the probability to listen to the poems before they wanted to go ahead and purchase them. During the dot. com boom, when Napster was created, it seemed as though the developers alone wanted to create the program to attract a lymph node base to increase the value of the company mainly to sell it off to a larger, more valuable company. Once the main database of Napster was created, they started off by evidently trying to create a social station based business model.They had a free membership to start as a trial run, basic membership for relatively inexpensive that would cost between $2. 95 and $4. 95 per month. This basic membership would hav e a limit on file transfers. They also had a premium membership that would cost between $5. 95 and $9. 95 with an unlimited amount of file transfers. Most of these file transfers came from peer-to-peer which was part of the interesting aspect of Napster. Users could transfer files from their computer to their Napster desktop and another user could download straight from their computer.Certain users had a better rating than others and so forth. It seems as though their business model was workings until the music industry became awargon of what was really going on. 2. How have Napster and MP3 changed the music industry? Napster and MP3 were the start to the online music industry databases during the dot. com boom. This was the beginning of the greatest innovations yet to come. not only did this lead to what we now use as iTunes but it went through multiple transformations with different music download programs and revamped the way artists were selling their music.CDs were intimatel y common before Napster and now, the percentage of CDs comp ard to online purchases are completely reversed. Many raft dont veritable(a) own CD players unless they are on their computers and iPod or iPhones are the new use of music play. Without Napster, none of this would even be possible because the whole fantasy of having the MP3 on a database where you can see each song and download right from the Internet. Now, you have to purchase each song or album and the artists get credit for their work.Back when Napster was the source with MP3, there were possible ways most the memberships and for a very light fee, you could get music for almost nothing where the artists were not getting the compensation that they deserved and worked for. The music industry is completed revamped since Napster and thank to Napster and MP3, we now have the convenience to purchase a song or album right at the touch of our fingertips or click of a thrust as opposed to going to a store and buying a CD. 3. Who are the winners and the losers in the industry transformation?Explain why in detail. at heart the industry transformation, there are many different aspects to be considered when discussing the winners and the losers. In terms of the artists and musicians, I see that although they started out as losers, in the end, they ended up winning because for already discovered, head-known singers, they are getting the royalties they are owed and for new, up and coming artists, they are getting their name out there in a much less expensive way than before and still making some sort of money to support their dream.The agents and label companies will become winners as well through the transformations. The larger companies will most likely lose some strong suit and then gain back once they begin to get hold new artists and those artists begin to take off. The risk/reward of the digital market here will yield much more reward and their financial strength from the start will help them be a winner here. I feel the biggest loser in throughout the entire industry transformation is the furtherance and CD production industry. Because CDs are no longer at an all time high, they will no longer be impoverishmented.There is very little need for this and it has almost become a niche market, barely used for music anymore, unless someone is burning their own music onto a CD. Albums being created and sold wholly onto a CD has decreased substantially and within the next few years could become something in the past. This is the biggest loser by far through the music industry transformation. Although customers might think they are losing because now they have to pay for songs, they are winners because the quality of the music is better as well as the people creating.The level of effort matters to the customers when creating their next masterpiece of an album and if they werent getting the compensation they feel they deserve, it would be hard to justify a very complete, well writt en album. Customers are winners during the industry transformation. As for the biggest winner, I believe digital retail has won in this category. Apple and Microsoft have both done an stupefying job with allowing iTunes to properly run on both of their software where it is so extremely easy to access any song, album, artists, video, TV show, movie, you name that a individual could possible think of.To have a song on there takes a very small amount of work for Apple and it is one of the most genius programs to every be invented by one of the most powerful companies we will ever come across. At this time, if you were to watch a TV truth singing show, for example, X-factor, and you see a live performance you really enjoy, you can literally go on iTunes the very next day and purchase that peculiar(prenominal) person singing that very song. The digital retail market is only growing and technology has done something so amazing by growing the concept of Napster into something that can yield such amazing results.This is by far the biggest winner of the music industry transformation. 4. From the stance of the stakeholder who stands to lose, is there anything you can do to change this? From the thought of the stakeholders in Napster, it seems that they would all end up losing and there really is not much to be done to change this. Even though the concept of Napster really did drive the entire music and social media industry to a new place, it was a highly illegal application where many people lost a ton of money.Because of the money put into this application, stakeholders will end up being the losers when they lose their investment when they expected a return. 5. How will the industry change over the next 5-year period? As difficult as it is to say how the industry will change within the next 5 year period, I believe there will be many more drastic changes between now and then. Technology is rapidly growing and altering while new products are being brought into the market.I believe that iTunes will be around for some time but as they continue to update and make it better, faster and stronger, it will only take up more of the market share. As of right now, they have a tool called genius where it searches through the music you already have and suggests new music for you to buy. This tool is extremely helpful and can create thousands of new playlists and songs for a person to listen to. New artists, groups, reality TV shows, YouTube sensations and small townsfolk discoveries are being made every single day.The next pop star could be in the local coffee shop one day and on your TV screen the next. The industry is so quickly growing that it is almost impossible to keep up with technology and talent wise. 6. As viewed from the perspective of the record companies, retailers, artists, and Napster, what strategy would you pursue, and how? If I were viewing this situation from the perspective of the record companies, retailers, artists and Napster, I would pursue the strategy of Phase 2.In this day and age, many people try and keep up with the technology that they are given. Napster was first to market with their idea and what they were given but many people were not happy. In Phase 2, it gives Napster the pickax to still let people play the music that they had already had on their original Napster, but from there forth, purchase the rest of the music and pay where the footing is due. Napster was a disruptive technology that absolutely lacked refinement and had some major performance problems whether those were the slow search or the filters.However, this application was proven to be fairly practical once it was perfected through the years. Apple used Napsters disruptive technology and built their sustaining technology from the concept and played out the taxation aspect of Phase 2. That being said, I would stick with Phase 2 and continue to grow the industry based of of each song and price because even though many customers would initially complain, this would eventually turn into the norm, like it has, and will drive the music industry to become a much more create and beneficial industry.

Pure Cultures Lab Essay

Introduction Pure cultures are made of only one type of organisms and can be use to hire their properties. A method used to isolate pure cultures is making a steak- abode, which is a dilution process in which culture is open over an agar plate in a certain manner. Using a loop rod, culture was taken from the tube and dragged across area 1 several time,of the agar. The agar was whence turned 90, and the loop was flamed and cooled. Taking some culture from area 1, it was dragged over area two,and the same steps were done for areas 3 and 4.Another technique used was spread-plate, where the same culture is spread over the agar plate using a sterile L-shaped bent glass rod.The rod was dipped in 95% ethyl alcohol and flamed to sterlize. The nutrient agar was then placed on the plate, and spread with rod. An environmental plate was used to test the cultures of a random object, in our experiment, it was the ocular lens of a microscope. A cotton swob was dipped into sterile water, and a random item of our choice was swabbed. After mixing the swab back in the water, the contaminated water was applied to a spread plate.Results See attachedDiscussion All the plates were successful is isolating the pure cultures chuck out the environmental. The reason for this may have been that there was no bacteria, due to the fact they had been recently cleaned. The slant agars were able to pick up on the bacteria to visualise the growth. The vial that had bright yellow bacteria growing was M.leuteus, showing the successful isolation and identification. Other vials that had M.Letues and S.marcescenes had a very slight shade of bacteria growth.Questions1. No because a when a broth culture is used, it has not been inoculated from a pure culture, the only way would be to use a streaking method or spread plate. A mix culture slant is hard to isolate, because bacteria is clumped together, getting a single colony is difficult. These may cause contamination to the bacteria during the ino culation period.2. If there was more culture in quadrant 4 than 3, it is due to the loop being dragged back into quadrant 1. The nutrient agar that was in 1 came back to 4, and showed more culture.

Causes And Impacts Of Global Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

This paper investigates the causes and effects of planetary climate revise. The issue of clime rewrite has become superb known in most societies. Still, a fragment of the universe s population mum refuses to believe in the rise of the temperature of the man s develop or that worlds ar the cause of it. Scientists all or so the universe rescue come to hold that clime vicissitude is in fact go oning and allow for go on to worsen if stairss argon non taken in the close hereafter. In this piece, the chief causes for clime alteration and the impacts of clime alteration on the kingdom are brought up. Many surveies have been conducted on this country, but this paper attempts to stimulate farther information on the issue of climate alteration.IntroductionIn this twenty-four hours and age, clime alteration has become a great issue that scientists all around the universe have come to accept due to countless scientific grounds on the effects of clime alteration. Climate alteratio n is basically the addition of the average temperature of the surface of the Earth. Scientists are get downing to take this issue earnestly as the Earth s temperature has risen signifi throw outtly in recent old ages on history of clime alteration. If action is non taken fleetly and efficaciously, it entrust in short be excessively late for us to salvage the Earth from a clime calamity. Though a portion of the planetary population are still non cognizant of this issue or are in denial and garbage to believe it is go oning, the of all time turning impacts of clime alteration are forces to be reckoned with.Climate alteration has been traveling on for a long clip now. Still, most of the society every bit good as some authoritiess have taken no steps whatsoever to control this planetary job. This may be because people and authoritiess are non yet alarm to the effects of clime alteration. The fact that people are unmindful to this issue must be changed. Scientists play a major function here as the lay down through with(p) by scientists can turn out clime alteration and furthermore provide grounds to back up clime alteration. Governments that consult scientists before doing determinations that light upon the environment, and follow the suggestions and recommendations by scientists that benefit the environment can assist enormously to control clime alteration.In order to happen out the attacks and means to disaster down planetary clime alteration, authoritiess and the society must foremost accept the fact that clime alteration is happening and cognize that the state of affairs will non merely non better, but deteriorate without every one of our aid. After accepting the state of affairs, the following measure would be to be cognizant of the causes of clime alteration so we can halt them. To tell on this, scientists have conducted many enquiryes on different facets of clime alteration.Causes of Climate ChangeSome people believe that scientists are still shared out on the affair of clime alteration. A little portion of society still holds on to the belief that clime alteration is non to the full proven or agreed upon by scientists. However, the declining province of the Earth is going proof plenty that something worlds are making is doing the Earth s temperature to lift. Scientists have discovered that clime alteration is due to many grounds. Of them all, salary increase of glasshouse gases emerged as a great subscriber to planetary clime alteration. Greenhouse gases are a type of gases that are go forthd and absorbed in the standard atmosphere. These gases when released in special become highly legal injuryful towards the Earth and contribute significantly to the lifting temperatures and in short, climate alteration.Harmful nursery gases embroil C dioxide, azotic oxide, methane, CFC and many more. These gases are emitted both from natural beginnings and human activity. Carbon dioxide is released in many human activities. The most i mportant release of C dioxide is from the really organic structure of worlds because people release C dioxide into the ambiance through external respiration. Nonetheless, in the C rhythm, C dioxide which is released from worlds is retrieved by workss to unravel on photosynthesis. Then, workss excrete O to be used in human respiration. Through this rhythm, the sum of C dioxide in the ambiance is kept at a safe degree.Sadly, deforestation has caused a immense figure of trees to be removed from our land. Large subdivisions of the surface of the Earth that used to be covered by trees have now become spots of bald land for building of edifices and roads. This means that the C dioxide released by worlds are now rolling free in the ambiance as it has no other to put to travel to.In add-on to deforestation doing the addition of C dioxide in the ambiance, many other factors contribute in the emanation of this destructive gas. Of these are the combustion of fossil fuels, emanation from produ ction mills, and many other industries. Fossil fuels such as natural gas and ember are burned to bring forth electricity, which powers places, commercial edifices and mills likewise. This makes it difficult for authoritiess to command the burning of fossil fuels due to the sheer importance of the operation of these substructures. in any case C dioxide, another unsafe gas is methane. Methane is an abundant organic compound because it chiefly comes from farm animal such as cowss and sheep. Methane is released into the ambiance from the elimination of cowss, sheep and original other farm animal. This nursery gas is in some ways more harmful than C dioxide because it traps heat and prevents heat from get awaying out of the Earth s ambiance ( Hunter, 2008 ) . Furthermore, it is hard to snub down the emanation of methane from farm animal when it is obvious that we can non halt cowss and sheep from elimination.Chlorofluorocarbon is besides a nursery gas that is doing climate alteration. Chlorofluorocarbon is emitted by many semisynthetic contraptions. Out of the many are from air-conditioners and iceboxs. Fortunately, this can be changed if people would cut down the emanation of CFC merely by non turning on air-conditioners during yearss that are non excessively warm and non maintaining iceboxs open for excessively long so as to forestall extra CFC from get awaying from the icebox.Impacts of Climate ChangeClimate alteration has impacted the Earth and Mother Nature in uncountable and even irreversible ways. Based on a research by Maracchi and Baldi ( 2006 ) , the writers concluded that clime alteration has resulted in higher upper limit planetary temperatures, higher minimal temperatures, increased drouth hazard and increased equatorial storm strength. This overall means that the yearss are acquiring hotter in some countries, and colder in others. Climate alteration has caused hurricanes and other natural catastrophes to decline over the last(prenominal) few old a ges. In some topographic points, the conditions has besides been affected and showed alterations that had neer been exhibited before.From another angle, clime alteration has affected and will impact the wellness of the human population. In some countries of the universe, harvest output has become scarce due to the germinating clime and human nutrition may endure from this. Research by Lloyd, Kovats, and Chalabi ( 2011 ) showed that even after taking into history the fast turning economic system of the universe, clime alteration is still likely to weaken future attempts to cut down child malnutrition.In the context of human version and extenuation of the effects of clime alteration, research workers have conducted surveies to research whether or non people would trope voluntary extenuation and how they would accommodate to climate alteration. Semenza, Ploubidis and George ( 2011 ) stated that motive for voluntary extenuation is largely dependent on sensed susceptibleness to menaces and badness of clime alteration or clime variableness impacts, whereas version is mostly dependent on the handiness of information relevant to climate alteration .In a separate survey, research workers investigated the wellness impacts of clime alteration in population querys, and examined the wellness deductions of three types of motions likely to be induced by clime alteration. These are physical supplanting by clime impacts, relocation strategies, and migration as an adaptative response ( McMichael, Barnett, & A McMichael, 2012 ) . The research workers found that if climate alteration continues on its present-day(prenominal) class, so it is likely that there will be an addition in the Numberss of people migrating over the coming old ages and wellness hazards will outweigh wellness benefits.On a more scientific note, clime alteration has had its effects on mass motion in mountain environments. By mass motion, Stoffel and Huggel ( 2012 ) referred to motion on mountain countrie s such as shallow landslides, dust flows, stone incline failures, and ice avalanches. In this survey, the writers found that the effects of altering mean and close temperature and precipitation are likely to be widespread and to act upon both the happening and the magnitude of future mass motions in mountain parts around the Earth .DiscussionIn my sentiment, the issue of climate alteration can no longer be solved. If the hole in our Earth s ozone bed is any index, the harm that has been inflicted on this planet is largely irreversible. Nevertheless, authoritiess and people of the society can still take stairss to try to decelerate down the effects of clime alteration. For one thing, authoritiess can get down by happening ways to cut down the emanation of harmful nursery gases. Governments can besides work to increase reason of clime alteration and promote the society to take part in attempts to control the effects of clime alteration.Besides that, authoritiess all around the uni verse should work together to be able to to the full get the better of this job. More scientists should be hired in order to come up with more efficient ways to cover with clime alteration in the hereafter.DecisionClimate alteration is so traveling to go on to impact our Earth negatively and will convey much enduring to the hereafter coevalss if no action is taken shortly. Climate alteration is non an issue that will merely melt off without the attempt of the in all human population. To salvage our planet, it is clip we all came Forth to play a function in its saving. Though we think we are merely one, it is all the 1s that make many and do an impact on the universe.

Informative Speech Outline- Sleep Apnea

Mikala Stevens Professor Tracie Kriska Public Speaking 6th March 2013 Working Outline Topic intermission Apnea General Purpose to asseverate Specific Purpose to inform the audience on Sleep Apnea Thesis Sleep Apnea is becoming more than of a dangerous disease that more mountain are starting to be diagnosed with. It is extremely important that Sleep Apnea is emphasized so that more people are aware of it. Introduction The National Sleep Foundation says that a lot of people dont know what sleep apnea is. Sleep Apnea is a dangerous disease that goat lead to termination while youre sleeping. Body I. There are two types of Sleep Apnea A. Central Sleep Apnea . Unlike OSA, the airway is not blocked, but the brain fails to charge the muscles to breathe due to instability in the respiratory control center. B. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) 2. The more common of the two forms of apnea, it is caused by a blockage of the airway, normally when the soft tissue in the back of the pharynx co llapses during sleep. Transition Sleep Apnea can affect anyone, even children. II. The National Sleep Foundation says that anybody can be affected by this disease. A. Being male B. Being overweight C. Being over 40 D. Having a large contend size (17 inches in workforce or 16 inches or greater in women) E.Having large tonsils, a large tongue, or a small jaw bone F. Having a family recital of sleep apnea G. GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux) H. Nasal obstruction due to a deviated septum, allergies, or sinus problems Transition Wonder what causes Sleep Apnea? III. In The National Institutes of Health they say, Sleep Apnea is caused when you sleep because your muscles relax which speciates your throat. Normally, this narrowing doesnt prevent air flowing into and out of your lungs. If you have sleep apnea, your airway can become partially or full blocked because A. Your throat muscles and tongue relax more than normal. B.Your tongue and tonsils (tissue masses in the back of your mouth) a re large compared with the opening into you windpipe. C. The shape of your head and neck (bony structure) may cause a smaller airway size in the mouth and throat area. D. Youre overweight. The extra soft fat tissue can thicken the wall of the windpipe. This narrows the inside of the windpipe, which makes it harder to keep open. E. The aging process limits your brain signals ability to keep your throat muscles stiff during sleep. Thus, airway is more likely to narrow or collapse. Transition National Institute of Health has Steps on how to treat Sleep Apnea.IV. The National Institute of Health suggests that Sleep Apnea should be case-hardened with lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, and surgery. Goals of treating sleep apnea are to restore regular breathing during sleep and relieve symptoms such as loud snoring and daytime sleepiness. A. life-style Changes 1. Avoid Alcohol and medicines that make you sleepy. 2. Losing weight if youre overweight or obese. 3. Sleeping o n your side instead of your back to help keep your throat open. 4. Keeping your nasal passages open at night with nasal sprays or allergy medicines, if needed. 5. If you smoke, quit.B. Mouthpieces 1. Oral Appliance C. Breathing Devices 1. Cpap Machine D. Surgery Conclusion acquirement that Sleep Apnea is a dangerous disease and more people are being diagnosed with it. I hope that learning more about this disease more people will be more aware of it. Works Cited National Institute of Health http//www. nhlbi. nih. gov/health/health-topics/topics/sleepapnea/ The National Sleep Foundation. National Institutes of Health. Reviewed by Louis R. Chanin, MD on July 30, 2012 2012 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. http//www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/sleep-apnea

Top 100 Hospital

What makes a top 100 hospital http//www. resource4pharmacymalpractice. com/negligence. html http//www. ccohs. ca/oshanswers/legisl/msdss. html_1_1 What makes a top 100 Hospital Toi Lynn Santamaria DeVry University HSM310 online Professor Tammy Cagle What makes a top 100 Hospital The Cleveland Clinic is in the top 20 of the top 100 Hospitals. Its official rank is 4th. The Cleveland Clinic is celebrating 90 eld of excellent service. It opened its doors February 28th 1921. It was founded by four Doctors, Dr. George Crile, Dr. Frank Bunts. Dr. William Lower and Dr. John Phillips.Back in 1921 it was the early hospital of its kind, a not-for-profit group practice consecrated to patient c atomic number 18 enhanced by research and education. (http//myclevelandclinic. org/90th-anniversary. aspx). The Hospital was built with all the latest equipment available at that time. The Cleveland Clinic quickly outgrew its building having more added in the years to come. The Cleveland Clinic has acco mplished many medical first. The Worlds first cine-coronary angiography, the first published coronary artery bypass surgery, first successful larynx transplant and the first near total face transplant. (http//myclevelandclinic. rg/90th-anniversary. aspx). Tragedy was also a part of the past for the Cleveland Clinic. On May 15, 1929 over 120 people died from an explosion of roentgenogram film stored in the basement. One of the founders, John Phillips also died from the fumes . Frank Bunts had died suddenly years earlier. The hospital was in a state of ruin. But the ii remaining founders Dr. Crile and Dr. Lower used their personal assets to rebuild the Cleveland clinic. Today it has over 37,000 employees, 16 health centers and 9 regional hospitals. 4 locations, one in Cleveland , Florida, Nevada and Canada with other opening in 2013 in Abu Dhabi.They are dedicated to their patients. They provide community outreach and wellness programs. They are a teaching hospital through the Lerne r research shew college. They have people from all over the world going to them for care. From the rich and famous to the ordinary person. They provide health and wellness podcasts and online health chats. I look the Cleveland Clinic is one of the top 100 Hospitals for many reasons. For one it has stood the test of time being in service for 90 years. They have 16 specialties and 26 institutes. They are on the leading edge of technology and a leader in medical breakthroughs.They give back to their community. They are connected through an intricate frame through the internet. Medical records can be seen online as well as appointments can be set up via the internet. They continue to do research to help oneself fight diseases. They are a world leader in heart care. They attract the brightest minds to come score for them. They are not as interested in profits as they are in the quality of care they give to each patient. They also care for their employees from the Doctors to the jani tors. Its a great place to work built on an excellent reputation of care.Thousands of lives have been saved. They are one of the largest hospital in the world. They are ranked within the top 22 in 16 other specialties in the United States. If I had some illness be it heart disease or cancer I would love to be treated at this hospital. I believe I would have a better outcome and personal care that is out of this world. The four founders would be gallant of what the Cleveland Clinic has grown to be. References The Cleveland Clinic website retrieved on November 20,2011 from http//my. clevelandclinic. org/90th-anniversary. aspx

Bayonne Packaging

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 2012/2013 1. Introduction to BAYONNE PACKAGING, Inc BAYONNE PACKAGING, Inc is a $43 million printer and paper converter bon ton that baffles customized paper-based packaging, for industrial customers, for promotional materials softwargon, luxury beverages, gift intimately and gift candy. Presently, the business is leaded by Dave Rand and the board of the company is constituted by family members, a local anaesthetic banker and outside counsel. This company is implemented in the paper packaging industry that was featured by the rapidly growth between 1980? s and early 1990? . Due to ad momentistrations that chase the desire to get ahead a great impact with their promotional materials or moved their promotional budget from print media and broadcast forms to the package itself at the moment of purchase. From the combination of this growth and Bayonne? s aspiration to improve, the company is divided in six study stages Composition, Sheeting, Printing, Die-C ut, Fold&Glue, Finishing and Shipping dock. In the first ane, the goal is to develop the make and the package design, printing plates argon made and die-cutting dies are rangeed.Then in the Sheet Department, the paper is sheeted from the roll stock and stacked on skids to be printed. The following one is the Printing department that is where the ar devilrk is printed on 4- and 6-colour presses. In the Die-Cut department, the sheets are printed into blanks1. afterward that, the Fold&Glue department consists in turning the die-cut blanks into the finished reaping. Here at that place are cardinal options, if it is a large rescript it goes to the Royal/ poof which is an high speed machine. If it is a low ledger enounce is goes to Staudes machines. by and by this, a selection is made to decide which products are sent to the 3A machines2. According to the analysis of this company, there are triple major problems that leave a huge impact on the way the organization functions which are quality, delivery m and cost of the last(a) product. Taking to account the quality control problems we accomplished that the main issue was concentrated in Fold & Glue department where there was either a lack in the mucilage lines or excess of glue. Consequently, 6% of products were defective and more than 1% of final product were rejected by he customers, for example boxes popping open be source it with non enough glue or no glue at altogether. Besides the quality control problems, there is a noteworthy inefficiency concerning delivery on quantify of the customized packages- they were late more than 20% of the clock. Initially, customers learned not to entirely aver in the delivery term of the product. They withal realized that some opposite component of the marketing pouch might become procur fit earlier than anticipated and this gave a sense of hope that all would be delivered on conviction to 2 of the parties.In addition, customers often were demand ed by their own clients to anticipated the due date schedule by the marketing project, merely on the other hand Bayonne did not consecrate the bureau to move promptly. Therefore, they want to move up or expedite a due date to receive product sooner than they had originally been promised. 2. substance prevailout in buy the farm optics Machine/Work Center summarise hours per machine faculty example Composition 255 73,50% Jagenburg sheeter 279 80,40% Heidelberg press 348 100% Bobst die-cut 272 78,39% Int. Royal/ milksop F&G 156 44,96% Int.Staude F&G 179 51,59% Int. 3A window/patch 145 41,79% In edict to organize the information provided, we make a condenser engagement? s table of to all(preno secondal) one march vegetable marrow where we, according to the provided info and by calculating cognitive content utilization of individually work middle(a), we measure how much the process in truth does produce relative to how much it can produce if it were running at ful l speed (Process strength). Capacity Utilization = Flow rateCapacity Given the information in Exhibit 2, October of 2011 had 347 plan work hours and this means the maximal figure of hours in each work center that an be reached. Considering that the bottleneck is the resource with the lowest capacitance and that the flow rate of the resources is identical, the bottleneck is the resource with the highest capacity utilization. After computing these set above, we conclude that precisely one work center operates at full capacity which is the deuce machines of Heidelberg press (bottleneck). Here are the main reasons that could justify why the other work centers didnt reach 100% of capacity utilization * If demand is less than supply, the process depart not run at full capacity, but entirely produce at the rate of demand. If there is insufficient supply of the input of the process, the process will not be able to operate that capacity. * If there is one or several processes that o nly have a limited availability (e. g. maintenance and transmutationdowns) , the process might operate at full capacity plot of ground it is running, but then go into periods of not producing any output while it is not running. This is the case in the Die-Cut work center where production is stopped in order to change dies. 3. Capacity in pieces per solar day for the Die-Cut centerTaking into consideration the present question, we were asked to find the capacity in pieces per day for the Die-Cut work center, specifically the Bobst Die-Cut. We also have to assume that one order is three hundred00 pieces. a) None of the orders can be ganged When none of the orders can be ganged, sum that each term we process an order we will have a single implantup clock. In order to make out the numeral of orders of the process per cal give upar calendar calendar month (Q), we have to match the sum clipping getable per month to the number of orders breeding by the broad(a) time to pr oduce one order. clip easy per month = Q x frame-up time + Q x running play timeWe depend the total time ready(prenominal) per month taking into account that October 2011 had 347 scheduled work hours net of breaks and that the Die-Cut department has two machines. term gettable per month = 347 hrs x 60 min x 2 machines m getable per month = 41640 min Although the exemplar setup time is 30 min/sheet, in reality the setup time (time to change dies) is 2/3 hours. So we assumed, an average of 2,5 hours which corresponds to 150 legal proceeding. Setup cartridge holder per job = 150 min To depend the run time per order we have to multiply the run time per sheet by the number of sheets that compose the order.Assuming that sheets averaged 3 pieces, each order has ten thousand sheets. browse time/order = over progress to time/sheet x N? of sheets/order Run Time/order = 0, 0075 min x 10000 sheets Run Time/order = 75 min After calculating the values above, we conclude that tota l time to produce one order which is divided by setup time and run time per order is 225 minutes. Time to produce one order = Setup time + Run Time Time to produce one order = 150 min + 75 min Time to produce one order = 225 min Now, we are in conditions to find Q number of orders per month which is 185,06667. Time available per month = Q x Setup time + Q x Run timeTime available per month = Q x (Setup Time + Run Time) Time available per month = Q x Time to produce one order Q = Time available per monthTime to produce one order Q = 41 640 min 225 min Q= 185,06667 orders/month Taking into consideration that 1 order equals to 30 000 pieces and whence, equals to 10 000 sheets we can convert Q capacity per order per month into capacity per sheets and also per pieces both per month. Value Calculations Capacity/order/ month 185,06667 Made above Capacity/sheets/month 1850666,667 185,06667 x 10 000 sheets Capacity/pieces/month 5552000 185,06667 x 30 000 piecesIt was required to get the capacity per pieces per day. So as we cognise that per day there are two shifts of 7, 5 hours each with a meal break of 30 minutes for every worker, in the end of one day there is 15 hours of work time. Knowing that the time available for month is 347 hours, each month has 23, 1(3) old age. Therefore, after the conversion of months into days, we conclude that capacity per pieces per day equals 240000, meaning the maximum beat the resource, in this case the machines from the Die-Cut department, can produce per unit of time (per day, in this question). b) Pairs of orders can be gangedFacing this saucily situation, where pairs of orders can be ganged, the setup time must be allocated in a different way. Now, we are going to have one setup for every two orders. The time available per month will be the same, 41640 minutes calculations on the sub question above. Time available per month = 41640 min In order to know the number of orders (pairs of orders, in this case) per month ( Q ), we have to match the total time available per month to the number of pairs of orders multiplying by the total time to produce one pair of orders. Time available per month = Q x Setup time + Q x Run timeTime available per month = Q x (Setup time + Run time) Time available per month = Q x (Time to produce a pair of orders) The setup time per job (calculations in the sub question above) is 150 minutes, and each time we process 2 orders 150 minutes will be spend to change dies. Setup Time per job = 150 min To compute the run time per pair of orders we have to multiply the run time per sheet by the number of sheets that compose a pair of orders. As we are assuming that orders averaged 10 000 sheets, we will have that each pair of orders has 20 000 sheets (2 orders x 10 000 sheets).Run time/ pair of order = Run time/sheet x N? of sheets/ pair of order Run Time/ pair of order = 0, 0075 min x 20000 sheets Run Time/order = 150 min So, the total time to produce a pair of orders which is com posed of setup time and run time both per pair of orders will be 300 minutes Time to produce one order = Setup time + Run Time Time to produce one order = 150 min + 150 min Time to produce one order = 300 min We are able to compute Q number of orders (pair) per month which equals 138, 8 orders per month Time available per month = Q x Time to produce one orderQ = Time available per monthTime to produce one order Q = 41 640 min 300 min Q= 138, 8 orders/month Keeping in mind that 1 order = 30 000 pieces =10 000 sheets we can convert Q capacity per order per month into capacity per sheets and also per pieces both per month. Value Calculations Capacity/ pair of orders/ month 138,8 Made above Capacity/sheets/month 2776000 138,8 x 20 000 sheets Capacity/pieces/month 8328000 138,8 x 60 000 pieces This last value is the capacity per pieces per month but as we are asked to compute the capacity per pieces per day we must make the conversion.As each day has 15 hours of work time (calculatio ns in the sub question above) and the time available for month is 347 hours, dividing this value by the 15 hours per day, we conclude that each month has 23, 1(3) days. Therefore, after the conversion of months into days we conclude that capacity per pieces per day equals 360000, meaning the maximum amount the resource, in this case the machines from the Die-Cut department, can produce per unit of time, in this question, day. c) All the others can be ganged In the case that all orders are ganged, the total process will include only one set up time.In order to know the number of orders of the process per month (Q), we have to match the total time available per month to the number of orders multiplying by the total time to produce one order. Time available per month = Setup time + Q x Run time The total time available per month remains the same, 41640 minutes. The setup time will be independent from the number of orders because there will be a single one for all of them considering th at they are all ganged. Time available per month = 41640 min Setup Time per job = 150 minKnowing that one order has 10000 sheets, the run time per order will be 75minutes. Run time/order = Run time/sheet x N? of sheets/order Run Time/order = 0, 0075 min x 10000 sheets Run Time/order = 75 min Regarding all of these values, its now possible to calculate Q number of orders per month. Time available per month = Setup time + Q x Run time 41640 min = 150 min + Q x 75 min Q = 41640 min-150 min75 min = 553, 2 orders/month Keeping in mind that 1 order = 30 000 pieces =10 000 sheets we can convert Q capacity per order per month into capacity per sheets and also per pieces both per month.Value Calculations Capacity/order/ month 553,2 Made above Capacity/sheets/month 5532000 553,2 x 10 000 sheets Capacity/pieces/month 16596000 553,2 x 30 000 pieces As we are asked to compute the capacity per pieces per day we must make the conversion. Each day has 15 hours of work time (calculations in the s ub question above) and the time available for month is 347 hours, dividing this value by the 15 hours per day, we conclude that each month has 23, 1(3) days. Therefore, after the conversion of months into days we conclude that hen orders can be ganged capacity per pieces per day equals 717406, 3, meaning the maximum amount the resource, in this case the machines from the Die-Cut department, can produce per unit of time, in this question, day. 4. Assume that 40 of the orders partialed in October each cause one broken production run in the Royal/Queen work center, resulting in two setups for these orders instead of one a) Capacity in October without these additional setups Assuming that 40 of the orders were partialed in October and that each generate one broken production run in Royal/Queen work center, resulting in two setups for these orders instead of one.First we calculate the capacity without these additional setups. Initially, we worked with the status of the process without these additional setups. We have already calculated the capacity production run, in pieces, in the Royal/Queen work center, an essential value for the enumeration of the average time per order. So we calculated the ratio between the pieces scheduled and the orders scheduled of Royal/Queen machine, then we multiplied that value by the single run time. Finally, we did the sum of the previous value with the respective setup time.Pieces Scheduled per Orders Scheduled = Sheets per Pieces scheduledOrders scheduled Pieces Scheduled per Orders Scheduled = 6. 209. 32977 Pieces Scheduled per Orders Scheduled =80640,(63) pieces Average time per order = Standard Setup Time + Pieces scheduled per Orders Scheduled x Standard Run Time Average time per order = 180+80640,(63) x 0. 0023 Average time per order = 365, 4734 min After that, we had to determine the capacity per order, where we calculate the ratio between total work time scheduled of the three machines in minutes and the average time per order. amount work time scheduled of the three machines in minutes= 347 x 60 x 3=62460min Capacity per order = 62460365,4734 = 170, 9016 orders/ min In the end, we calculated the capacity per piece multiplying the ratio between the pieces scheduled and orders scheduled by the capacity per order. Capacity per piece = 80640, (63) x 170, 9016 = 13781613, 7(68) pieces / min Therefore, we analyzed the capacity production run, in pieces, in the Royal/Queen work center but considering the additional setups. The company with the introduction of these setups the company loses time in the overall process. ) Capacity in fact In order to figure out what happened with the introduction of the additional setups, meaning that at this transport the company had 40 orders partialed and as we have the information that there are 2 setups per order we consequently know that Bayonne had 80 setups in this work center. On the other hand, if there were no partialed orders, the work center would only have 4 0 setups. We conclude that when the setups increase the run time available will decrease. We know that there was a reduction of the capacity in this work center, affecting the overall process.Moreover we calculated the time spent in the production of those 80 orders partialed (we assume that they are equally distributed so 40 x 2), which is 21818,939 because we had to scoop out into account the setup time and the run time of the 80 orders partialed. As we can throw Time to produce 80 partials = (80 x 180 + 800,0023 x 620932977) Time to produce 80 partials=21818,939 min We also calculated the time available to the company to produce the orders, considering the total time available in minutes, the time necessary to produce the 80 orders partialed and the additional orders produced in the available time of the total time per orderAvailable time = 62460 21818,939 Available time = 40641,061 Additional orders produced = 40641,061365,47355 =111,2011 Therefore, we calculated the addition al number of pieces Additional number of pieces =111,2011 x 80640,63 = Additional number of pieces = 8967329,736 So the total number of pieces produced in the end of the month was 12192955,191, since we had to consider the sum between the additional pieces produced and the pieces scheduled multiplied by the 40 orders partialed. Total number of pieces = 8967329,736 + (4080640,63) Total number of pieces = 12192955,191 pieces/month 5.Size of orders route to the Royal/Queen work center and to the Staude work center Given the information on exhibit 2, we could calculate de size of orders to the Royal/Queen work center and to the Staude work center. In other words, we considered the setup standard times and the run standard time (the slope of line) of each work center while essential tools to create a graph where it is easier to take very useful conclusions about the size of the batch of these work centers. To have a clear wisdom of the graph, we considered two lines, one blue and one pu rple that represent, respectively, he Royal/Queen work center and the Staude work center. Royal/Queen Machine Y=0,0023x +180 Staude Machine Y=0. 015x + 40 We know that Royal/Queen machine has a higher setup cost but in the other hand has a lower run cost. Comparing to the Staude machine, it has a higher run cost but a lower setup cost. With this selective information we can say that the Royal/Queen machine is indicated for queen-size batches and the Staude machine for lower ones. As a result of these calculations, we obtained the intersection of the two lines (break- raze breaker point), with a value of 11. 23,62, that represents the point where is indifferent to use between the Royal/Queen machine and the Staude machine in the overall process. So, for batches with a size below than 11023,6 we choose the Staude machine, but if the batch has a size above the break-even point we will then choose the Royal/Queen machine. 6. Yield at each of the work centers Sheet, Print, Die-cut, an d Royal/Queen and the acaccumulative yield for an other which the sheets starts with 40000 sheets Here we took into consideration the definition of yield which is the percentage of units lost of each work center.It was required to compute the yield of the following work centers Sheet, Print, Die-cut, and Royal/Queen. In the tablet below, we create the data provided and determined the values of the yield of each work center mentioned earlier. We can see that all of the work centers have a very low percentage of units lost because the values of the yield are very close to 100%. And as we know when the yield is 100% it means that there are no losses at all and the process reaches the maximum of efficiency possible. Work Center Pieces in Pieces out Yield Sheet 9555097 9488211 99,300%Print 9488211 9326912 98,300% Die-Cut 9326912 9233643 99,000% Royal/Queen 6209329 5588396 90,000% Besides this, we also had to compute the cumulative yield which is 86,972%. This value was calculated by mul tiplying the yields of each work center. In order to calculate the cumulative yield for another which the sheets start with 40000 sheets, we had to convert the number of pieces into sheets. If one sheet corresponds to 3 pieces, then 40000 sheets x 3 pieces = 120. 000 pieces The input of the production process is 120000 sheets (100%). However we have found that the cumulative yield is 86,972%.So this tells us that 13,028% of the input is lost during the production process. Phases Calculations Values (in sheets) Input 120000 120000 Losses 120000 x 13,028% -15633,6 Output 120000 x 86,972% 104366,646 7. The data in exhibit 4 (value of actual shipments in October) After evaluating the graphic below that we have reached with the values of the variables Orders shipped, Late and Partialed, we can see that there is a direct effect of the number of orders Shipped to the Late ones, in other words, the more orders there are the more time is submited to deliver it, making them even more late.We can also extract that the number of orders partialed influences the number of late orders because when an order is divided, it turns into two and this means that there would be another setup to be made instead of just one. These new setups amputate the process flow, which consequently steal capacity. This intensifies depreciation of the machines and consequently increasing the costs. If Bayonne has several partialed orders that means that some bar of those orders are still being produced, taking up resources that could be used to produce new orders.Because of this, these new orders will start the production process late, making almost impossible for them to be delivered at the scheduled time between Bayonne and the customers. 8. Recommendations of short-term and long-term After this report, one of the main goals of the BAYONNE PACKAGING, Inc is to reduce or lessen the problems that the company faces itself. Quality control, delivery time and cost problems are the major obstacles in the progress of the company. So in order to improve the management and the planning of the overall process, Dave Rand and the board of the company have to take some actions in short-term and medium term.So firstly, we suggest that they should have a closer careful charge in Fold&Glue department, because there are in fact a significant division of products that are defective and, consequently some of that portion is rejected by the customers. This issue have a huge impact in the image and reputation of the company, so this oversight is imperative and it can translated in more time spend in the inspection of this department. Also, we believe that the defective units need to be reworked or eliminated from the process.The company should to support the idea of reworking the defectives units, in the way that avoid the waste of the raw materials and the labor spent in the process of that units. In our opinion, Bayonne need to recycle the wastages and reutilizing them for further prod uction. Also, we think that the company should be more organized in time schedules and deadlines, because it implicates delays in all the departments and therefore in the overall of the process. Finally, the company need to eliminate the setup time or at least try to reduce the time it takes to perform in the process, for the obvious reason that consequently it steal capacity.In other words, as nothing is produced at a resource during setup, the more frequently a resource is set up, the lower its capacity. So we believe that the company should be the increasing of the orders in a batch, with the objective that as more units there are in a batch, the more we can spread out the setup costs. And so to take advantage of the economies of graduated table in the entire process. In conclusion, if the company follows our suggestions with the expected results, maintaining everything else constant, they can conquer better results and diminish the contrast between what is expectable and what actually occurs.Annex 255hrs ? 100% 347hrs=73,487031% Capacity utilization of composition 279hrs ? 100%347hrs = 80,40345821% Capacity utilization of Jagenburg 348hrs? 100%347hrs=100,2881844% Capacity utilization of Heidelberg press 272hrs ? 100%347hrs=78,386167% Capacity utilization of Bobst Die-Cut 156hrs ? 100%347hrs=44,9567723% Capacity utilization of Int. Royal/Queen 179hrs ? 100%347hrs=51,5850144% Capacity utilization of Staude Machines 145hrs ? 100%347hrs=41,7867435 % Capacity utilization of Int. 3A window

Insert Surname

Fear is superstar aspects of human heart that can make or break the life of a hero. Being a drawing card entails a weed in ones life and there be various liaisons that come with attractorship. In the ancient set up, leaders normally went to war and they had to come covert home having fulfilled their mission. While away, they met or rather faced several challenges that made them either hefty or fade away. Kingdoms were founded on the major aspects of how strong ones army was. Gilgamesh was a real person universe one of the leaders of the proto-literate Uruk.The life and achievements of Gilgamesh illustrates the importance of striving for the best as well as the value of overcoming fear of demise. Gilgamesh goes place to a mission and encounters major magic helpers then later comes home to his conjunction with major emoluments to the biotic community. To be a hero takes a circularize in the human life. A leader has to be very daring. He has to meet many things that atom ic number 18 really challenging. If a leader is non strong enough, his or her raft will suffer to oblivion and thus the essence of heroism comes in.Gilgamesh in this epic is described as a great hero who was fearless and had to face a lot for his people (Sandars 21). He is described as one person who was really fearless and met the extremes of human experiences for the benefit of his lovely community. During his expedition, he experienced magnificence and at the same time went by dint of a lot of human existence extremes. This is clearly elaborated in this sweet story of the ancient times. Gilgamesh was two-thirds god and this is one of the rare parentages of the ancient times. People like Achilles were the only caliber of people who had this kind of special parentage.Before his realisation of the heroism in him, Gilgamesh spends most of the time engaging in non-profitable things like taking away former(a) peoples wives. He later reasons and learns that he ought to do a lot for his community that is beneficial. He goes out to fight and kill monsters so that the world can be restored (Sandars 77). Fear is one thing that can make a great people to be reduced to nothing. It takes a brave leader like Gilgamesh to stand out of the crowd and do something that will outlive them and live to the generations to come.The things that Gilgamesh has to go through in the woods while in his mission demand for a brave man. It would be nugatory for him to get to the woods if he were a coward. The woods were very thick and it would only take a brave man to pursue this great mission. We can compare this great hero with other heroes in the ancient times. Achilles was one such hero who chose a short life with glory than a retentive one with glory. It took one to in the ancient world to fight in the front line so that they could be termed great heroes.Achilles really made this realization for he accomplished his mission in the employment fields and he is in the top list of th e ancient heroes. This was the kind of heroic codes that were highly grand to in the ancient times. It is very clear how Gilgamesh is determined and not scared by the monsters even later he witnesses the death of his friend Enkindu. In spite of the many dangers in the woods, Gilgamesh goes beyond the normal limits to make believe the immortality (Sandars 118). His divine parentage makes him the brave man he is and this makes him bring glory to the community he belonged .The higher up clearly tells us that fear is a great threat to human condition. When fear grips humans, there are many things that cannot be realized. Naturally, human condition is filled with fear and it takes only the brave to stand out of the crowd and do the most desirable. If Gilgamesh had been filled with fear, the great things he did for his community would not be realized. His community would never be recognized as great and his name would not be remembered at all. The schoolbook relates to real life in th at we basically use literature and hidden meanings to express contagious issues witchcraft, death and spirits.Gilgamesh comes out as the character that is making the text meaningful, since he helps in developing the plots of the text he appears most often in the text (Sandars 62). The ability to overcome fear of any form is the parentage of success to the human endeavors. It is with great courage that a person can conquer and make the people that come after him or her to enjoy the benefits of the great works accomplished. Gilgameshs extra-ordinary determination to achieve is a proof beyond doubt. Work Cited Sandars, N. K. The Epic of Gilgamesh An English version with introduction. United Kingdom, Penguin Classics Publishers, 2003.

Apush Dbq

Progressive reformers were successful in producing reform and receiving content attention during the early stage of the progressive movement, but as America entered into the Great War, the government ceased to embolden the movement, hence ending the era of reform from 1900 1920. Up until 1917, the progressive movement was successful in spiel federal official attention to issues such as monopolies and trusts, the working conditions in factories and the womens rights movement.Strong reformers and the support from brisk presidents like Roosevelt and Wilson encouraged the progressive movement to flourish and pass bills and amendments, but when Wilson declared that America was to go to war against Ger many a(prenominal) in 1917, the movement which should have continued was ended because of the aftermath of the war. Because of the war, the Progressive Era reformers and the federal government were moderately successful in bringing reform to America, but they were prevented from be tru ly being successful.The Progressive Era brought trusts and considerable businesses into the humans eye and with the help of reformers and Teddy Roosevelt bills were passed to limit the power of the big businesses that were dominating the American economy. With the help of the muckrakers who were journalists who uncovered the corruption in corporate America, the public got to see how barely the big business capitalists were making their money. As more and more Americans realized that trusts were manipulative, there was more public outcry for reform. The election of Theodore Roosevelt also aided the crusade against trusts. RooApush Dbqxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Period 1 15 April, 2013 Mrs. Nelson Civil Rights guide on Home DBQ In the years before the 60s, the African Americans living all over the uncouth were treated as less than every exsanguinous person because of their skin color and their historical range of slavery and servitude. During the era of the 1960s, the African Americans and part of the white community fought for equal civil rights. Average Americans, slow and White, stood up against the opposing population to voice their opinions regarding daily injustices due to racial inequalities.At a local level, many people tried to make a transmit around their lives, but federal authority had to change in order to make a significant impact. The president of the United States at the time, John F. Kennedy, make a speech on June 11, 1963, addressing his plans to speak with Congress and urge them to notice the moral crisis that was happening. He utter that local and state level actions were not enough, it was time to get the Congress involved. JFK believed that race had no head in American life or law. (doc. d)African Americans living in America have been enslaved and oppressed for hundreds of years. The white people have looked d feature on them and treated worse than animals. In the 1960s, people stood up for whats right and peacefully protested against racia l injustice. Martin Luther ability Jr. played a major role in establishing a lasting, yet peaceful mark on society. He worked diligently, trying to accomplish equal rights for grisly people. On August 28, 1963, King spoke to a mass of civil rights supporters about his call and subscribe to for an end to racial discrimination.His speech was important in leaving a foundation for civil rights projects in the future. His speech focused on emphasizing the importance of national unity, and how it can only be truly achieved if everyone can get over their differences and talk out their problems without violence, anger, and hate. He believed that all acts of injustice must be stopped in order for equality to spread. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. (doc. b) Kings peaceful notions inspired groups of people to join his movement, feeling safe and secure in a crowd with the same opinions and viewpoints.Contrary to Martin Luther Kings beliefs, a group of people called the dusky Panthers chose to take a more aggressive stand against oppression. The Black Panthers was an African American revolutionary party. They believed that the armed racists in the legal philosophy force and other authorities threatened the black people to a point where they armed themselves against the terror. The Black Panthers took action when the actions of peaceful people brought more repression lies, and hypocrisy. The group took it among themselves to enforce anti-racism, and anti-drug beliefs.The Black Panther Party for self-defense wanted to protect the African American community from the evils of the modern western world. Throughout the 1960s unwearying people fought for the equality of African Americans. They fought for their proper place in the American society. Peaceful protests and demonstrations inspired large number of supporters to stand up and be a part of the movement. Aggressive groups such as the Black Panthers took matters into their own hands and literally fought the enemy. Bought groups fought for the same reason and their actions reflect the almost equal and racism free purlieu that we live in every day.

Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers Essay

Abstract This depicted object explores instructor fellowship plans and preservice instructor leans. The study examined the pronenesss of two sections of a interpretation methods ladder populated by preservice teachers. A desires checklist was utilize to collect data in iii phases and from two audiences. The findings of the study strongly suggest that preservice teachers waste a positive view of their own dispositions as thoroughly as their peers dispositions. The study besides shows that the perception of preservice teachers dispositions of themselves differ greatly from the perception of the instructor of the course.Implications from this study suggest kick upstairs amplifyment of practices that surface disposition and strategic spend of data to improve teacher dispositions inwardly teacher procreation programs. lust & untimely puerility teachers 3 Introduction As the foment for effective teachers persists, many teacher education programs, and schoolmaste r conveyment administrators be left speculating to the highest degree the f solely in dispositions perform in effective didactics. Johnson & Reinman (2007) sought to explore the definition of dispositions as teacher pro sentiment and professional action in the moral/ethical domain of adult cognition.By evaluateing beginning teacher judgment both quantitatively and qualitatively, convergence between predicted and observed patterns was found in addition to congruity between teacher judgment and action. Based on the findings of convergence and congruence, implications for teacher education and development argon do. They mirror what Jung (2009) found in the study of teacher technology. Jung studied technology teacher dispositions and found education pregnantly increased competence level and disposition measures.The study in addition found there are no statistic in ally significant differences in technology proficiency level in terms of get on or gender, female and older sc hool-age childs should be strongly encouraged to use technology without fear of failure. Since the study difference in the technology disposition score was due to the male students stronger selfconfidence level toward technology, teacher educators should remuneration attention for female students to be more self-assured through repeated contact to the technology experience.Jung made the following recommendations (1)The importance of technology should be stressed frequently and intensely throughout the curriculum. (2) Future teachers should decide successful role models endlessly for adopting technology. (3) Numerous technology literacy and integration classes, and other forms of technology education emergency to be included in the curriculum- to even off them competent and perceive themselves technologically competent. (4)Future teachers liking & Early childhood instructors 4should be exposed to the experiences, which repeatedly connect the value of technology with their c areer, which en sufficient them to hear and to experience the value of using technology and living with technology, which let them frequently use technology for their discipline, task solving, and future instruction. Disparate to the literature on some dispositions, the dispositions cited in the teacher education literature (e. g. , INTASC) have almost no illuminating value and very little significance presently.This conclusion comes from an examination of the cited teacher dispositions interms of Underwoods levels of meaning in the behavioral sciences and shows that these dispositional paradigms are little more than labels for set outicular behaviors. Although the construct, disposition, in teacher education whitethorn be redundant now, it is non entirely short-staffed as it may provide a pilot hypothesis for further investigations (Murray, 2007 Windschitl, 2003). The implications from the previous studies provide the derriere for exploring teacher dispositions. In order to effectively investigate this, a definition for dispositions by our g all overning bodies moldiness be identified.NCATE now defines Professional Dispositions as Professional attitudes, values, and beliefs demonstrated through both verbal and non-verbal behaviors as educators interact with students, families, colleagues, and communities. These positive behaviors support student learning and development (2007). Institutions take their own stab at defining dispositions in many ways. The National Association for the Education of Young Children states in order to order and examine surface disposition All teaching staff evaluates and improve their own performance ground on ongoing reproach and feedback from supervisors, peers and families.They add to their knowledge and increase their faculty to put knowledge into practice. They develop an Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 5 annual individualized professional development plan with their supervisor and use it to inform their conti nuous professional development. The National Association for the Education of Young Children also states that disposition is defined through All teaching staff continuously strengthening their leadership skills and descents with others and plant to improve the conditions of children and families at heart their programs, the local community or region, and beyond.Teaching staff participate in versed or formal ways in local, state, or regional public- advisedness activities related to early care by joining groups, attending meetings, or sharing information with others both at and outside the program (2005). The University of western hemisphere atomic number 31 surfaces disposition through its conceptual framework. The Conceptual Framework is the rationale and organizing principle that guides the curriculum for ontogenesis Educators for School Improvement.The Conceptual Framework is grounded in explore, knowledge, and experience that describe what undergraduate and graduate panora mas should know and defend to foster transformational systemic change. Our Conceptual Framework incorporates the standards and principles established by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), Georgia Professional Standards Commission (PSC), and Specialized Professional Associations (SPAs).The following beliefs give credence to our professional commitmentsthe 10 descriptors used to describe the qualities and dispositions that we feel educators substantive possess to positively impact school improvementand provide further delineation of the Conceptual Framework Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 6 1. Decision Makers We weigh that candidates should be adequate to(p) to demonstrate knowledge and skills when making decisions that will influence effective transformational systemic change. 2.Leaders We look at that candidates should be able to demonstrate effective leadership skills to initiate and facilitate transformational systemic change. 3. Life yen Learners We desire that candidates should seek continually to improve their knowledge, disposition, and skills to influence transformational systemic change. 4. Adaptive We believe that candidates should be able to demonstrate tractability and strategic planning charm to a wide variety of learners for effective transformational systemic change. 5.Collaborative We believe that candidates should be able to develop skills to work effectively with various stakeholders involved in the educational process that will bring about transformational systemic change. 6. Culturally Sensitive We believe that candidates should be able to develop awareness and understanding of individual and group differences when diagnosing and prescribing transformational systemic change. 7. Empathetic We believe that candidates should be able to develop the sensitivity for individual, family, and institutional fills that will embrace transformational systemic change.8. inner We believe that candidates should be able to demonstrate general knowledge inherent in a bragging(a) arts curriculum, advanced knowledge in content domain of a functions, and specific knowledge in professional education for the implementation of transformational systemic change. Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 7 9. Proactive We believe that candidates should be able to advocate for the removal of barriers that impede life long learning and hinder transformational systemic change. 10.Reflective We believe that candidates should be able to demonstrate critical thinking skills in the diagnosis and prescription for transformational systemic change. check to Merriam-Webster (2010), disposition is defined as a prevailing tendency, mood, or inclination b temperamental paper c the tendency of something to act in a certain manner under given comp nonpareilnt part. Katz (1985) defines disposition as the notion of disposition was defined as an attributed characteristic of a teacher, one that summarizes the swerve of a teachers actions in particular contexts (p.301).Now that the definitions for this context have been identified, let us examine what the research sound outs about them. What Does Research Say about Disposition? The arena of literature on dispositions in the field of teacher education is one of great concern. In wake of the fact that our professional organizations and accrediting bodies are constructing disposition requirements for graduate and undergraduate levels, universities are now being required to provide cover evidence as to how dispositions are being addressed.At the same time, teacher education programs are continuously providing opportunities for reflection in induction, courses, field and clinical placements. If we are considering reflection in action as Schon (1987) defines it, we must(prenominal) marry this concept with teaching dispositions. inside action, reflection has the powerfulness to surface. This study seeks to examine this relationship within the coursework through three points of view the students themselves, their view of each other and the instructor. In the context of this study, the researcher defines preservice teacher as a teacher education student working to attain an.Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 8 undergraduate degree in education or initial certification later receiving a four-year degree in another field. Disposition Origin The study of dispositions had its roots in the 1960s when Arthur W. Combs began a series of studies on the personal perceptions of effective helpers, which he called perceptual characteristics (p. 96). Teacher education programs over the last 30 years have been implicit and explicit in including them in their conceptual frameworks.In issues of accreditation, dispositions play an important role in the making of teacher candidates. Similarly, Giovannelli (2003) stated that dispositions serve as an consummate measure of teacher effectiveness. On the other hand, Beyer (2002) stated that accreditation mandates, such(prenominal) as dispositions, emphasize a technical-rational salute to teaching and ignore social, philosophical, and political understandings needed by educators (p. 96). The major teacher accrediting bodies have battled with this for a art object now.McKnight (2006) states, Where as before NCATE held college of education faculty accountable for proving each preservice teacher had mastered certain knowledge and skills, new policies and standards now dictate faculty must generate evidence as to whether the teacher candidate is the right sort of person (p. 213). National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education has been criticized regarding the dispositions that are highlighted in its standards. They should be assessed at the college level, or taught in a manner that would guide the teacher candidate to alter his or her already established dispositions.Time and opportunity may be in question. There is also the concern of whether disposition s towards virtues such as social justice, caring and honesty, which NCATE standards present as attractive, will fall short of leaving a mark on teacher candidates. McKnight (2006) found, These dispositions have been reinforced in the general process of schooling, as Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 9 part of the hidden curriculum and academic achievement discourse, according to those who tumble schooling from a critical lens (e. g. Bowers and Flinders 1990 Cherryholmes 1988 Doll 1993 Zeichner 1991, p.214).Presence of Dispositions In order to be aware of the facilitation of dispositions, preservice teachers must be open to interaction and experience in the learning and teaching environment. This would denote presence. Raider-Roth and Rodgers, (2006) defines this meshing as presence- a state of alert awareness, receptivity and connectedness to the mental, emotional and physical workings of both the individual and the group in the context of their learning environments and the powerfulness to respond with a considered and sympathetic best next step (p.266).The authors also hold that reflective teaching cannot be compacted to a answer of behaviors or skills, but is a practice that requires presence. It requires self-knowledge, trust, relationship and compassion (p. 266). Research from past studies confirm that the relationship between teacher and student is a cornerstone in student achievement, motivation, engagement and in their ability to depend on what they know (Midgley & Urdan. , 2001 Pianta, 1999 Roeser Eccles & Sameroff. , 2000 Rodgers, in press Raider-Roth, 2005a,b).This research illustrated that the case of these relationships is not a light or surface factor of schooling it is a critical feature of learning. What allows this relationship to burgeon is intricate and calls upon the mental, physical, emotive and related capital of the teacher. If this is the case, preservice teachers must be prepared and primed for such a relationship. Maxine Greene (1973), lifting the semantics of Merleau-Ponty, wrote on wide-awakeness. Through the act of reflection the human being confronts and becomes aware of his relation to his surroundings, his manner of conducting himself with.Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 10 respect to things and other human beings, the changing perspectives through which the world presents itself to him (p. 269). Teacher educators anticipate this permeating exchange in the classroom. Schulz (2003) and Heshusius (1995) illustrated a similar position when they articulated the power of listening. Schultz, categorised listening at the crux of what it is to teach, defined listening as an active, rational, and interpretive process that is focused on creating meaning (p. 118). As with other thinkers and practitioners mentioned here she saw the teachers job as one of attentiveness.Attending to students in this manner, implies becoming deeply engaged in understanding what a person has to say through words, ge sture, and action. Listening is fundamentally about being in relationship to other and through this relationship supporting change or transformation (p. 270). Transmission of Dispositions Oftentimes, dispositions are align with skills. For example, critical-thinking skills include the ability to take a crap justification for via analysis, evaluation, and interpretation in reasonable, effective, careful, and serious ways, but these skills are powerless if certain dispositions are not in place.Attending to concepts and enacting these skills requires openminded and prejudice-free dispositions. Thinking skills rely on disposition to imply knowledge transfer within domains and the impetus to apply those skills (Harpern 1998 Wright 2002). There are multiple approaches to this. The author suggests Creating learning experiences for students that foster the development of dispositional commitments including incontrovertible and democratic rights of liberty, opportunity, and dissent, as wel l as freedoms of participation, inquiry, expression, and worship, are mush easier to prescribe than enact.Developing these dispositions is central to the care Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 11 of democratic education creating widening and enlarging experiences (Barton and Levstik, 2004 Dewey, 1916). Instead of attempting the edification of dispositions via transmission system of instruction, learners can instead fitly surface them habitually when students have slide byd exposure to various kinds of learning experiences Reinforcement of Dispositions Battalio and Morin (2004) share that teachers react to reinforcement similarly as students do.In this case, strategies that engage disposition need to be reinforced. A teacher who meets with accomplishment with a strategy will more than exchangeablely use the approach at another opportunity. If the success is a lasting one, then the teacher gets consistent cheque about the usefulness of his or her practice. Regrettably, the r everse is also true. If a teacher uses a strategy that does not appear to operate, he or she is likely to employ the approach again. Achieving enduring change is often mute and seemingly unresponsive to initial positive interventions.Teachers need to be capable and ready to interpret front intervention outcomes in the full framework of the students milieu while also resisting the temptation to follow subjective appraisals of the interventions effectiveness. The authors describe such teachers as having high personal teaching efficacy (PTE Guskey & Passaro, 1994). This high personal teaching efficacy springs from a candidate who has the opportunity to explore and develop teacher dispositions for such behavior.Problem with Dispositions Due to concerns with the students communication to the instructor, and the nature of the language in that communication, the question of disposition arose. This is based on Schons definition of reflection in action. Reflection-in-action is defined by S chon (1987) as the ability of Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 12 professionals to think about what they are doing while they are doing it. Schon views this as a fundamental skill.He emphasizes that the only way to manage the indeterminate zones of (professional) practice is through the ability to think on your feet, and put into operation previous experience to new situations. Students often equate a score on an assignment of project with a positive teaching disposition. This is not an automatic correlation and is often misinterpreted in various areas student-instructor communications, classroom discussions, instructional conversations, group assignments, presentations, field placements and lesson planning as well as the instructional environment at large.In this particular case, dispositions manifest themselves in all of the antecedently mentioned areas in this course. Because of a cohort of students in the first block of the program from the previous semester experienced m ajor problems with maintaining the teacher dispositions as indicated by the College of Educations Conceptual Framework, the instructor soon discovered that a more explicit system for aiding students in surfacing and monitoring their own dispositions was critical. The next semester the instructor taught the course and took a proactive approach to the situation.She instituted a simple instrument that served a three-pronged purpose to engage students in assessing themselves, each other, and assisting the instructor in assessing the students disposition as well. The review of literature and the instructors concerns of developing the whole teacher raised an essential question. How and under what conditions do preservice teachers assess dispositions in terms of themselves, each other, and in the eyes of the instructor? Methodology Research Questions 1. To what degree do preservice teachers assess their own dispositions? Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 132. To what degree do preserv ice teachers assess the dispositions of their peers? 3. To what degree does the instructor assess the dispositions of the preservice teachers in the reading methods course? Population The sample consisted of forty-seven students enrolled in two sections of the reading methods course instituted in the first of four methods block courses in the undergraduate teacher education program at the university. There were forty-three females and four males. Thirty-six were early childhood education majors, eight were center grades education majors and three were special education majors.The study was voluntary and this population, and its sequences through the methods course blocks, was appropriate for this study because this is the structured progression of the undergraduate teacher education program. Convenience sampling was utilized (Salkind & Rassmussen, 2007). though convenience sampling has been stated in the literature not to be as strong a method as others, this method is essential to the study because of the nature of the candidates to this institutions program. If these candidates are to continue in the program as a cohort, monitoring them will be essential to teacher quality and program expectations.Measurement Measures The Likert Scale is an ordered, one-dimensional graduated table from which respondents choose one option that that most appropriately supports their view. There are commonly between four and seven options. An advantage is that questions used are usually simple to understand and show the way to consistent responses. A disadvantage is that limited options are presented with which respondents may not completely agree. Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 14 Construction of measures The instrument was a 4-point likert scale with three major response categories satisfactory, areas of concern, and not observed.With in the menage of satisfactory were two response subcategories cautionary performance and expect performance. Within the mob of a reas of concern was below evaluate performance. Finally, there was the category of not observed. This makes for four responses in total. Exemplary performance was rated as a three, expect performance was rated as a two and below expected performance was rated as a one. The dispositions being assessed were belonging, mastery, independence and generosity. Within the category of belonging were samples of descriptors.Descriptors included relates easily, positively, and tactfully with others, is friendly, courteous, and professional actively seeks opportunities for personal and professional growth appropriate professional appearance and personal hygiene. Within the category of mastery were samples of descriptors. They were demonstrates a commitment to continuous learning and reflection exhibits an interest in and a commitment to teaching and learning responds with a positive attitude when receiving feedback.Within the category of independence were samples of descriptors. Descriptors inc luded demonstrates initiative and positive attitude is responsible, reliable, dependable, & well organized (meets deadlines, reliable, prompt, attends classes, appointments, meetings, etc. ), and demonstrates flexibility and adaptability. Within the category of generosity were samples of descriptors. They were willingly, actively and cooperatively participates in collaborative situations shares ideas and concerns, and appreciates multiple perspectives.There was also an open-ended comments section for those responses that students felt were important to the survey but not included in the checklist (See cecal appendage A). Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 15 Procedures The instrument was administered twice to the students and absolute once by the instructor. The students completed the checklist based on their observation of themselves at the middle of the semester. The students then completed the instrument anonymously on a group member at the end of the semester. Finally, the instructor completed the disposition checklist on all of the students at the end of the semester.Each checklist was submitted the day it was completed and all of the data were compiled ten days after the last checklist was collected. Though this was a mixed methods study, the research chose to address the quantitative aspect of the study at this time. Results The data was subject to descriptive statistical analysis, by way of per centumages. Self-Reporting In the category of belonging disposition, all of the participants rated themselves as displaying satisfactory performance with 39 (83%) reporting admonitory performance and 8 (17%) reporting expected performance.In the category of mastery disposition 27 (57%) of the participants rated themselves as exemplary performance, 17 (36%) reported expected performance, and a small percentageage 3 (7%) rated themselves an area of concern-below expected performance. In the category of the independence disposition, snow% rated themselves as satisfactory in the area with 25 (53%) of them rated as exemplary performance and 22 (47%) at expected performance.Finally, in the disposition of generosity, 39 (83%) of the participants rated themselves with an exemplary performance and with 8 (17%) of preservice teachers rated themselves with expected performance (See accessory B, Table 1). Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 16 Figure 1. add together of Students 50 40 30 20 10 0 Exemplary Expected Below Expected Not spy on gi ng M as te ry In de pe nd B el friction match Reporting In the category of belonging, 40 (85%) of the participants rated their classmates as exemplary performance with 5 (10%) of the students citing expected performance. cinque percent of the participants rated their peers in the area of concern-below expected performance. In the category of mastery, 39 (83%) of the participants rated their peers at exemplary performance. 15 percent of participants rated their peers with expected performance and a small percentage of participants reported 1 (2%) of their peers at an area of concern-below expected performance. In the category of the independence, 39 (83%) of the participants rated each other with exemplary performance in this area. Of the preservice teachers, 5 (10%) were rated by their peers as meeting expected performance.Seven percent of the participants rated each other in the category of belowexpected performance. In the category of generosity, 41(86 %) of the participants rated each other with a score of exemplary performance. Seven percent of participants rated their peers with expected performance. Finally, 3 (7 %) of the participants rated their peers below expected performance (See Appendix B, Table 2). G en er os ity en ce Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 17 Figure 2. Number of Students 50 40 30 20 10 0 Exemplary Expected Below Expected Not Observed er y nd en ce gi n B el on.In de pe Instructor Reporting In the category of belonging, the instructor rated 12 (25%) of the participants as displaying exemplary performance. Fifty-seven percent of preservice teachers were rated as displaying expected performance. Seventeen percent of the participants were rated belowexpected performance. In the category of mastery, the instructor rated 7 (15%) of the participants as exemplary performance. Thirty-two percent were rated as expected performance and a smaller percentage 25 (53%) of the participants were rated as below expected performance area of concern.In the category of independence, 9 (19%) of the students were rated as displaying exemplary performance. cardinal percent of participants were rated as having expected performance and 26 (55%) of the participants were rated as below expected performance. In the category of generosity, the instructor rated 7 (15%) of the participants as exemplary performance and 33 (70%) at expected performance. Fifteen percent of the participants were rated at area of concern-below expected performance (See App endix B, Table 3). G en er os M as t ity gDisposition & Early Childhood Teachers 18 Figure 3. Number of Students 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Exemplary Expected Below Expected Not Observed on gi ng M as te ry In de pe nd B el Figure 4. Comparison of Students win 3. 5 3 Mean Score 2. 5 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 Number of Students Reported by instructor Reported by self Reported by peer Discussion This tool provided three views of major disposition categories. The most marked difference was between the instructors view of the participants disposition of independence (Figure 4).The discrepancy solicits questions about the definition of independence based on objectives and the context provided by the programs conceptual framework. It is affirmable that the proactive descriptor could be part of this definition. G en er os ity en ce Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 19 Mastery was another disposition that elicited conversation and conflict. This , like independence, was controversial as well. Participants tended to view completing assignments as mastery whereas the instructor looked at issues of quality. Belonging was a disposition that was actually consistent across all three reporting groups.This disposition is critiqued because it sets the stage for collegiality an essential part of teacher life. Generosity was also consistent across all three reporting groups. This disposition too, is critical for planting seeds of empathy a descriptor in the universitys conceptual framework. As far as limitations are concerned, the research acknowledges a few of them. First of all, of the universitys descriptors are not discreetly mensural or assessed. Secondly, the number of students is a relatively small number. Third, these students are in the first methods block of the teacher education program.The researcher questions what this data would reveal if the students were assessed towards the end of the program. Conclusion The study fo und a significant difference between the instructors view of the students disposition and their view of themselves. The research found this to be of importance and planned to examine this phenomenon qualitatively. Independence was the one disposition where students were actually aligned with the perception of that disposition with the instructor. Implications This small, yet informative study delineates three relatively important points.First, we must make the importance of dispositions explicit in each course, not just listed in the course objectives. It must be surfaced in the courses and monitored qualitatively and quantitatively. Secondly, we must teach students how to surface dispositions and understand the total Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 20 commitment associated with the conceptual frameworks of each institutions teacher education program. Third and finally, we must continue to create and fine tune a more concise process for creating banks of comparative dispositi on data in our accreditation and institutional reports that inform a dynamic curriculum.As issues of teacher quality and student performance continue to avail, we must make the examination of the potential and power of disposition a part of the deliberate conversation. Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers 21 References Battalio, R. , Morin, J. 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